True Allele Challenges in Court and Culture Mark

True. Allele® Challenges in Court and Culture Mark W Perlin, Ph. D, MD, Ph. D Cybergenetics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 9 th Annual DNA Technology Educational Seminar Centre of Forensic Sciences and the Promega Corporation Toronto, Ontario November, 2012 Cybergenetics © 2003 -2012

Perlin MW, The Blairsville slaying and the dawn of DNA computing, in Death Needs Answers: The Cold-Blooded Murder of Dr. John Yelenic, Niapas A, New Kensington, PA: Grelin Press, 2012. Commonwealth v. Foley Crime: Murder Evidence: Victim's fingernails Challenge: Minor 7% DNA mixture Statistic 13 thousand 23 million 189 billion Method inclusion obligate allele True. Allele Defense: If mixtures are reliable, don’t we expect the same information from all methods?

MW Perlin, A Sinelnikov. An information gap in DNA evidence interpretation. PLo. S ONE, 2009. information True. Allele v. Inclusion

MW Perlin, A Sinelnikov. An information gap in DNA evidence interpretation. PLo. S ONE, 2009. Predict match information 15 loci 12 loci 67

Regina v. Broughton Crime: Arson, terror Evidence: Fuse Challenge: Low-level DNA mixture • low template mixture • three DNA contributors • triplicate amplification • post-PCR enhancement v. WA locus

Perlin MW. Explaining the likelihood ratio in DNA mixture interpretation. Promega's Twenty First International Symposium on Human Identification, 2010; San Antonio, TX. Genoype probabilility (v. WA) Likelihood ratio 6 x Assume coancestry at a theta value of 1%, and that there are three contributors present. A match between Mr. Broughton and the fuse is 3, 620, 000 times more probable than a coincidental match to an unrelated Caucasian.

New York State Police validation papers Perlin MW, Legler MM, Spencer CE, Smith JL, Allan WP, Belrose JL, Duceman BW. Validating True. Allele® DNA mixture interpretation. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2011; 56(6): 1430 -47. Perlin MW, Belrose JL, Duceman BW. New York State True. Allele® Casework validation study. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2013; 58(6): in press.

MW Perlin, MM Legler, CE Spencer, JL Smith, WP Allan, JL Belrose, BW Duceman. Validating True. Allele® DNA Mixture Interpretation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2011. Information: sensitivity Quantitative True. Allele 6. 24 13. 26 7. 03 Inclusion method

New York State Forensic Science regulatory approval

Regina v. Duffy & Shivers Crime: Murder, terror Evidence: Mobile phone, match stick Challenge: Low DNA amount; mixtures March 7, 2009 Antrim, Northern Ireland Real IRA claimed responsibility

MW Perlin, Combining DNA evidence for greater match information, American Academy of Forensic Sciences 64 th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, February 24, 2012. Combining DNA evidence data singles pairs a 1. 40 a 2. 75 a b 25 560 1. 43 b 4. 60 a c 27 40, 000 0. 75 c 4. 42 b c STR tests all three 6. 04 a b 1. 1 million c b 6 26, 000 10 20 c 30

Perlin MW, Galloway J. Computer DNA evidence interpretation in the Real IRA Massereene terrorist attack. Evidence Technology Magazine. 2012; 10(3): 20 -23. True. Allele match statistics 5. 91 trillion Colin Duffy 6. 01 billion 1. 1 million Brian Shivers

Admissibility ruling December 1, 2011 The Honorable Mr. Justice Hart … In Broughton, Judge Eccles did not give a reasoned judgment explaining his decision. … I am satisfied that the stage has now been reached in the case of this system where it can be regarded as being reliable and accepted, and I am satisfied that Dr Perlin has given his evidence in a credible and reliable fashion. In the light of these conclusions I can see no basis on which I could properly exercise my discretion … to exclude this evidence, and I therefore admit it in evidence.

Pennsylvania precedent Commonwealth v. Kevin Foley Pennsylvania Superior Court February 15, 2012

Statistic log(m. CPI) CPI information Information log(LR)

Modified CPI information SWGDAM 2010: DNA mixture interpretation guidelines Statistic log(m. CPI) Interpretation of complex DNA mixtures must account for data uncertainty Information log(LR)

True. Allele and the crime lab Casework system Interpretation services

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