Trophic Level a feeding position in a food

Trophic Level – a feeding position in a food web What are the top predators in this food web? What are the primary producers? Do you expect there are more grasshoppers or owls in this ecosystem?

The relative energy in trophic levels in a Silver Springs, Florida, ecosystem is shown. Trophic Pyramid – a graphic representation of all the energy or biomass at each trophic level

Put the organisms from your Yellowstone food web into trophic levels. Trophic Level Primary producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Quaternary consumer Organisms

Put the organisms from your Yellowstone food web into trophic levels. Trophic Level Organisms Primary producer trees, berries, nuts, grasses Primary consumer elk, deer, squirrel, mouse, vole Secondary consumer weasel, coyote Tertiary consumer wolf, grizzly bear Quaternary consumer Where do decomposers fit in a trophic pyramid?

Where do decomposers fit in a trophic pyramid?

Figure 27. 20 Distribution of biomass or energy at different trophic levels in an ecological system. Primary consumers are those animals that eat plants, also known as herbivores. A secondary consumer eats primary consumers, and a tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. Secondary consumers and above are also known as carnivores or predators. The relative energy in trophic levels in a Silver Springs, Florida, ecosystem is shown.

Where does the energy in an ecosystem come from? ? ? photosynthesis energy comes from sunlight energy is stored in carbon-rich molecules

Where does the mass of a tree come from? CO 2 When you lose weight (mass), where does the weight go? CO 2

List the ways that CO 2 glucose • photosynthesis List the ways that glucose CO 2 • respiration (living organisms burning calories for work, giving off CO 2) • decomposition (respiration by decomposers) • combustion (burning wood & fossil fuels)

Figure 27. 23 Energy relationships in saltmarsh planthoppers and katydids. Estimates are from Teal (1962). He estimated 85% assimilation efficiency for planthoppers because they feed on liquid sugar solutions from plants (which are easy to digest), not cellulose (which is a plant structural chemical that is not easy to digest). The assimilation efficiency for grasshoppers, which consume mostly cellulose, was estimated to be 30%.

Are planthoppers or katydids better at converting food into animal body? (Calculate % production = production/consumption. ) Figure 27. 23 Energy relationships in saltmarsh planthoppers and katydids. Estimates are from Teal (1962). He estimated 85% assimilation efficiency for planthoppers because they feed on liquid sugar solutions from plants (which are easy to digest), not cellulose (which is a plant structural chemical that is not easy to digest). The assimilation efficiency for grasshoppers, which consume mostly cellulose, was estimated to be 30%. Which animal provides more energy for secondary producers to eat? Which animal loses more energy in feces? (Calculate % feces = feces/consumption)

Are planthoppers or katydids better at converting food into animal body? (Calculate % production = production/consumption. ) planthoppers = 70. 0/323. 5 = 21. 6% katydids = 10. 8/99. 4 = 10. 9% Figure 27. 23 Energy relationships in saltmarsh planthoppers and katydids. Estimates are from Teal (1962). He estimated 85% assimilation efficiency for planthoppers because they feed on liquid sugar solutions from plants (which are easy to digest), not cellulose (which is a plant structural chemical that is not easy to digest). The assimilation efficiency for grasshoppers, which consume mostly cellulose, was estimated to be 30%. Which animal provides more energy for secondary producers to eat? planthoppers = 70. 0 kcal/m 2/year katydids = 10. 8 kcal/m 2/year Which animal loses more energy in feces? (Calculate % feces = feces/consumption) planthoppers = 48. 5/323. 5 = 15. 0% katydids = 70/99. 4 = 70. 4%

primary producers 36, 380 8200 cordgrass & algae primary consumers 422. 9 80. 8 planthoppers & katydids secondary consumers 28 5 consumption spiders, wrens & dragonflies production

What percent of the energy that is converted from sunlight to glucose by plants is converted into plant material (biomass)? 8200/36, 380 kcal/m 2/year = 22. 5% What happens to the energy that is converted from sunlight to glucose but not made into biomass? primary producers 36, 380 8200 cordgrass & algae primary consumers 422. 9 80. 8 planthoppers & katydids secondary consumers 28 5 consumption spiders, wrens & dragonflies production it is used for activity/respiration What percentage of the available plant biomass is consumed by planthoppers & katydids? 422. 9/8200 kcal/m 2/year = 5. 2% What happens to the biomass that is not consumed by animals in a higher trophic level? is it consumed by decomposers after death

an emergent property of energy flow in ecosystems: Biomagnification

an emergent property of energy flow in ecosystems: Biomagnification https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=E 5 P-Uo. KLxl. A

Figure 29. 14 Eggshell thickness in natural populations (circles) and in captive populations fed diets with different concentrations of DDE (Xes). Each point represents the mean for a clutch of eggs. From Lincer, 1975, Figure 3, © 1975 British Ecological Society.

Figure 29. 16 Relationship between concentration of DDE in eggs and percentage decrease in eggshell thickness in North American raptors and population status. The two Cooper’s hawk points are from the same population. * refers to fertile eggs, and † refers to broken eggs. From Lincer, 1975, Figure 4 and Table 4, © 1975 British Ecological Society.