Thinking Language Cognition All the mental processes associated

Thinking & Language � Cognition: All the mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating ◦ This is why memory is part of this unit! � Large part of this unit: PROBLEM SOLVING

Number 1 �A man left home one morning. He turned right and ran straight ahead. Then he turned left. After a while, he turned left again, running faster than ever. Then he turned left once more and decided to go home. In the distance he could see two masked men waiting for him. Who were they? !

The Umpire and Catcher

Number 2 �What occurs once in every minute, twice in every moment, yet never in a thousand years?

The letter

Number 3 � The maker doesn’t want it, the buyer doesn’t use it, and the user doesn’t see it. What is it?

A coffin

Number 4 � � What number is next in the series? 10, 4, 3, 11, 15, …. . a) b) c) d) 14 1 17 12

14 � When spelled out, each number in the series is longer than the previous number by one letter.

Number 5 � Imagine 6 glasses in a row, the first three are full of water, the second three are empty. By moving only one glass, can you arrange them so that the full and empty glasses alternate?

Pour the second glass contents into the 5 th

Heuristics � Any mental shortcut that allows for easier problem solving and quicker judgment � Example: How can you use heuristics to rearrange these letters? �E U E Q N

Agenda – Thursday, March 12 th � Reading Quiz � Finish cognition/problem solving notes � Homework: NONE

Heuristic � Heuristic: You know the Q and U go together because of something you’ve already learned and stored in your mind � Algorithm: Try all 60 combinations of the letters to find a “correct” one � EUENQ, EUNEQ, EUQNE, EUNQU, etc.

Unscramble These Words � nelin � ensce � raspe � lecam � nolem � sdlen � slfal � dlchi � neque � klsta � dlsco � hsfle � naorg � egsta 15

Unscrambled Words � linen � scene � pears � camel � melon � lends � falls � child � queen � talks � colds � shelf � groan � gates The algorithm you used to solve the first column probably kept you from seeing the multiple solutions for the words in the second column 16

Heuristics � Write down the top ten nations where journalists are most likely to be killed for reporting factual news over the last 20 years � http: //cpj. org/killed/ � Availability Heuristic: Thinking shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind. You use the more frequently discussed examples ◦ NOT ALWAYS ACCURATE (because it’s a shortcut and not all of the information about a topic)

Availability Heuristic � People are more fearful of flying than driving because of highly publicized airplane accidents, even though flying is much safer ◦ Why? � When you are looking to purchase a car, a personal testimony from one person may sway your opinion more than the dozens of reports about the car from Consumer Reports or Cars. com (a less personal yet more reliable source) ◦ Why?

Heuristics � If you meet someone with a laid back attitude and long hair, what assumptions do you make about them? � Representativeness Heuristic: Used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty based on past experiences ◦ Related to your generation, people group, family, society, past experiences, etc. ◦ NOT ALWAYS ACCURATE (because it’s a shortcut and assumption)

Representativeness Heuristic � Dr. Swinkel’s cousin, Rudy, is a bit on the peculiar side. He has unusual tastes in movies and art, he is married to a performer, and he has tattoos on various parts of his body. In his spare time, Rudy takes yoga classes and likes to collect 78 rpm records. An outgoing and rather boisterous person, he has been known to act on a dare on more than one occasion. What do you think Rudy’s occupation most likely is? ◦ Farmer ◦ Librarian ◦ Trapeze artist

Confirmation Bias �A mental pattern in which people seek out or believe information that aligns with their own preconceived notes ◦ Being amazed and proud because you predicted the next song on the radio, but not remembering all the times you predicted it incorrectly ◦ Only focusing on vaccinated individuals who develop autism, and not the ones who don’t develop it

Framing � The way an issue or concept is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments ◦ A doctor says “It has a 95% success rate” compared to “There is a 5% chance it will fail. ” ◦ An item is marked as $5. 99 compared to $6. 00 because you believe you’re getting a better deal

Your Task… � Using the items provided, you and your partner must make the record play a song � You may NOT use anything that you personally brought to class, but you may manipulate the items to your benefit

Yellow Sheet � Noam Chomsky � Benjamin Whorf � Paul Broca � Wernicke (Karl Wernicke)

Record Lab � With your group members, determine how each assigned concept from was used to solve the problem. (Think of this as an FRQ) ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Algorithm Functional fixedness Confirmation Bias Hindsight Bias Divergent Thinking Observational Learning Availability heuristic

Language Importance � Can we have thoughts without language? � If so, what would it look like?

Phonemes

Morphemes

Text Twist Utilizing common Phonemes and Morphemes.

Nature or Nurture? � According to B. F. Skinner, children learn words and language through reinforcement, observation, and imitation � According to Noam Chomsky, people are born with the natural ability to communicate and understand a language ◦ Universal Grammar

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Benjamin Whorf) Language influences the way we think about the world. stem y S t n me Entitle vs. Net y t e f a S Social Illeg al Im migr ants Undo vs. cum ente Imm igran d ts 21 Emotions that we don’t have in English 25 Words w/ no translation er Fight m o Freed vs. rist Terro

Language & Savings Behavior TED Talk