Cognition All of the mental activities associated with

Cognition All of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing & remembering

Cognition refers to ¨How we MAKE memories ¨How we REMEMBER ¨How we FORGET ¨How we SOLVE PROBLEMS ¨How we USE LANGUAGE

Organization of LTM Concepts are arranged general to Specific.

What is a concept? ¨Mental representation of related things ¨Can be physical objects, events, attributes or ABSTRACTIONS! ¨Can be simple or complex

Prototype ¨A typical example of a concept ¨Most basic & gives us the least amount of information needed

Prototype: BIRD

Not a prototype:

Retrieving memories ¨Recognition ¨Recall ¨Reconstruction~can be distorted by adding, dropping, changing details (to fit a schema)

Serial position effect

• Primacy • Recency Effect: st Recall 1 best Effect: Recall last best

What helps us remember? ¨PRIMING ¨DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE ¨MNEMONIC DEVICES ¨METHOD OF LOCI ¨PEG WORD MNEMONIC

METHOD OF LOCI ¨ RELATE WHAT YOU WANT TO REMEMBER WITH PLACES YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH. ¨ EX. : SOUR CREAM and MILK (refrigerator), NOODLES (nesting in bowls on counter), MUSHROOM SOUP (in the “mush” room-kitchen), DEODORANT (in drawer in bathroom),

Peg Word Mnemonic ¨ One = Bun Four = Door ¨ Two = Shoe Five = Hive ¨ Three = Tree Six = Stick ~~~~~~~~~~~ Sour Cream & Milk is one; eaten on a bun Noodles are two; squishy in a shoe Mushroom soup is three; under a tree Deodorant is four; behind the bathroom door.

FORGETTING…… ¨ FAILURE TO ENCODE ¨ DECAY OF STORED MEMORY ¨ INABILITY TO ACCESS FROM LTM ¨ RELEARNING

Inability to access from LTM? ¨Insufficient RETRIEVAL cues ¨“Tip of the tongue” phenomenon ¨Repression ¨Confabulation ¨Misinformation effect (bumped/crashed)

Interference ¨ PROACTIVE ¨ RETROACTIVE ¨ If we learn A and then B and we can’t remember B because A got in the way ¨ Proactive interference then B and we can’t remember A because B got in the way ¨ Retroactive interference