Unit VII Cognition Part two Thinking Thinking Cognition

Unit VII: Cognition Part two- Thinking

Thinking § Cognition § § mental activities associated with thinking, understanding, remembering, deciphering and communicating Cognitive Psychologists: study mental activities and the influence of cognition on behavior § concept formation § problem solving § decision making § judgment formation

Thinking § Concept : mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people § Prototype § mental image or best example of a category § matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)

Thinking § Heuristic § simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently § usually speedier than algorithms § more error-prone than algorithms

Heuristics § Representativeness Heuristic § judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes § may lead one to ignore other relevant information. . (examples? )

Heuristics § Availability Heuristic http: //youtu. be/KOz. Axhu 6 w 2 s § estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory § if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common § Example: airplane crash

Thinking § Algorithm http: //youtu. be/TDa. Fwn. Oi. KVE § methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (i. Tunes, Netflix suggestions) § contrasts with the usually speedier–but also more error-prone--use of heuristics

Thinking Unscramble SPLOYOCHYG § Algorithm § all 907, 208 combinations § Heuristic § throw out all YY combinations § other heuristics? *HEURISTICS EXAMPLES…

The Matchstick Problem § How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?

The Matchstick Problem § Solution to the matchstick problem

The Three-Jugs Problem § Using jugs A, B, and C, with the capacities shown, how would you measure out the volumes indicated?

The Three-Jugs Problem § Solution: a) All seven problems can be solved by the equation shown in (a): B - A - 2 C = desired volume. § b) But simpler solutions exist for problems 6 and 7, such as A - C for problem 6.

The Candle-Mounting Problem § Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

The Candle-Mounting Problem § Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

Thinking § Mental Set § tendency to approach a problem in a particular way § especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem § School examples?

Thinking § Fixation § inability to see a problem from a new perspective § impediment to problem solving § Functional Fixedness § tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions § impediment to problem solving

Thinking § Overconfidence § tendency to be more confident than correct § tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

Thinking § Framing § the way an issue is posed § how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments § Example: What is the best way to market ground beef--as 25% fat or 75% lean? *In duos or trios, create one real-life issue /set of facts that can be framed in two very different ways

Cognition and Beliefs § Belief Bias § the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning § sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid § Belief Perseverance § clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Thinking § Insight § sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem § contrasts with strategy-based solutions § Confirmation Bias § tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions § *Create one real-world example with your table

Artificial Intelligence: Computerized Cognition? § designing and programming computer systems § to do intelligent things § to simulate human thought processes § intuitive reasoning § learning § understanding language § http: //youtu. be/Aq. L 0 n. Djs. YLQ

Artificial Intelligence: Computerized Cognition? § Computer Neural Networks § computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells § performing tasks § learning to recognize visual patterns § learning to recognize smells § http: //youtu. be/eq-AHm. D 8 xz 0