SOIL is made of loose weathered rock and
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SOIL
is made of loose, weathered rock and organic material.
5 factors of Soil Formation Soil is formed by… • Parent Material: the original “Mom & Pop” soil transported from elsewhere, usually by wind or water, at different speeds • Climate: the amount, intensity, timing, and kind of precipitation that breaks down parts of ecosystem (i. e. rocks, trees) into soil • Topography: Slope and Aspect affect the angle of the land position toward/away from the sun that soil will be exposed to • Biological: Plants, animals, microscopic organisms, and humans interact with soil in different ways • Time: the amount of time it takes for the four factors (above) to interact with each other
SOIL CONSERVATION • Did you know … It takes 200 -400 years to form 1 cm of sustainable soil. • There are 1, 000 – 500, 000 bacteria and 1 M- 20 M actonomycetes
There are thousands of different soils throughout the world. Five important factors influence the specific soil that develops.
• The main types of soil on earth are: – - Loess (pronounced “luss”): fertile soils developed on wind-blown glacial silt deposited during the Ice Ages. – - Laterites: red, iron oxide-rich soils of wet, hot tropical areas, created by intense chemical weathering of parent rock material. – - Pedalfers: rich soils with brown color, high in aluminum and iron; typical of cooler, wet temperate climates world-wide. – - Pedocals: soils typical of warm, arid regions; high in calcium and commonly contain caliche (white deposits of calcium carbonate) – - Tundra soils: soils forming in polar climates of permafrost (permanently frozen ground).
Soil Profile • A Soil Profile is a vertical cross-section of layers of soil found in a given area.
Soil Horizon • Soil horizons are the layers in a soil profile used to classify soil types. • Horizons based on color, texture, structure, rock fragments, and any unique characteristic worth noting. • Major Soil Horizons are depicted by a capital letter in the order (from top down): O, A, B, C, and R
O Horizon: Organic Layer “Organic Matter” Horizon • Surface-layer, at depths of 0 -2 feet • Dark in color, soft in texture • Humus - rich organic material of plant and animal origin in a stage of decomposition • Leaf litter – leaves, needles, twigs, moss, lichens that are not decomposing • Several O-layers can occur in some soils, consisting only of Ohorizons
A Horizon: Topsoil “Topsoil” or “Biomantle” Horizon • Topmost layer of mineral soil, at depths of 2 -10 feet • Some humus present, darker in color than layers below • Biomantle - most biological productive layer; earthworms, fungi, and bacteria live this layer • Smallest and finest soil particles
A Horizon: Topsoil This is generally the most productive layer of the soil. Conservation efforts are focused here!
B Horizon: Subsoils The “Subsoil” Horizon • At depths of 10 -30 feet • Rich in clay and minerals like Fe & Al • Some organic material may reach here through leaching • Plant roots can extend into this layer • Red/brown in color due to oxides of Fe & clay
C Horizon: Transition The “Regolith” Horizon • At depths of 30 -48 feet • Made up of large rocks or lumps of partially broken bedrock • Least affected by weathering and have changed the least since their origin
C Horizon: Transition This layer of transition is almost completely void of organic mater and is made up of partially weathered parent material.
Bedrock “Bedrock” Horizon • At depths of 48+ feet • Deepest soil horizon in the soil profile • No rocks or boulders, only a continuous mass of bedrock • Colors are those of the original rock of the area
USES OF SOIL Uses of Soil 1. Soil is used in agriculture. 2. Soil is used in constructions and arts. 3. Soil is used in Waste Management. 4. Soil is significant to the Environment. 5. Soil plays an important role in filtrating and purifying water.
SOIL CONSERVATION STRATEGIES • • Planting Vegetation Soil Organisms Terracing Crop Rotation/ multi -cropping • Watering the Soil
MISUSE OF SOIL • Inappropriate Infrastructure - bad site layout • Occasional toxic exposure – producing the necrosis and decline of microorganisms • Soil Loss – extraction, removal of topsoil; • Wrong Cultivation methods – inadequate organic matter, humus should be 5% by volume • Extended monocropping
• • Citations: 1. http: //ngm. nationalgeographic. com/2008/09/soil/mann-text 2. http: //ngm. nationalgeographic. com/geopedia/Soil 3. http: //books. google. com/books? id=Xjfy. Wjx. EZio. C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Sara+Sche rr+Soil+Degradation&source=bl&ots=L 7 Ctmu. DB 5 c&sig=Rx. MDT 2 H 3 kh. Tjw 40 RG 5 D 16 VBV 8 v. Y&hl=en&ei=Cqdg. S 9 f. VOY_Os. QP 5 sj. BCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0 CAw. Q 6 AEw. AA#v=onepa ge&q=&f=false 4. http: //www. dpi. vic. gov. au/dpi/nreninf. nsf/646 e 9 b 4 bba 1 afb 2 bca 256 c 420053 b 5 ce/d 1 ce 1 0 f 1 b 7687 d 94 ca 256 f 0000053199/$FILE/LC 0063. pdf 5. http: //www. fao. org/DOCREP/004/Y 1796 E/y 1796 e 02. htm#P 4_0 Read more: http: //greenanswers. com/q/124177/nature-recreation/land-soil/how-dohumans-cause-soil-degradation-and-how-does-impact-food-s#ixzz 2 Hv. Bk. Th. MG
- Regolith in soil profile
- Soil is a mixture of weathered rock and ________.
- Can igneous rocks form metamorphic rocks
- Layers of soil
- Relative density of loose soil
- Use of continuous tubular rail as a barrier to excavations
- The removal and transport of soil
- What happens to phosphorus that erodes from rock and soil?
- How does soil link the rock cycle and biosphere
- Imagery in o captain my captain
- The process by which natural forces move weathered
- Living soil vs dead soil
- What are the four spheres of the earth
- A rock climber's shoe loosens a rock and her climbing buddy
- A rock climber's shoe loosens a rock and her climbing buddy
- Soil
- Explain how water erosion by groundwater can form a cave.
- What is in soil
- Rock cycle sedimentary
- Igneous rock to metamorphic rock