Since 2012 Cluster Munition Monitor has documented more

Since 2012, Cluster Munition Monitor has documented more than 1, 600 casualties from cluster munition strikes and unexploded remnants in the ongoing fighting in Syria. Pictured here: A Free Syrian Army fighter carries the tail unit of an RBK-250 cluster bomb near Menagh military airport in Aleppo governorate. Photo © REUTERS/Mahmoud Hassano, December 2012

Cluster Munition Monitor 2014 (Presentations, September 2014) Overview: • Strong progress on cluster munition eradication – continued stockpile destruction and clearance. • Significant rise in casualties in Syria. • Condemnations of ongoing use in Syria, and of new use in South Sudan and eastern Ukraine. • Improvements made in victim assistance, but many challenges remain especially in countries affected by ongoing armed conflict.

Cluster Munition Monitor 2014 Main sections: • Cluster Munition Ban Policy • Contamination and Clearance • Casualties and Victim Assistance

Convention on Cluster Munitions ©Sean Sutton/MAG, October 2013 A total of 113 states have joined the convention of which 84 are States Parties (79 ratified, 5 acceded) as of 27 August 2014.

States Parties & signatories Americas – 18 States Parties and 5 signatories (Canada, Colombia, Jamaica, Haiti, Paraguay) Asia-Pacific - 9 States Parties and 3 signatories (Indonesia, Palau, Philippines) Europe – 32 States Parties and 2 signatories (Cyprus, Iceland) Middle East and North Africa - 3 States Parties Sub-Saharan Africa - 22 States Parties and 19 signatories (Angola, Benin, Central African Republic, DRC, Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda)

Cluster munition use © Human Rights Watch 2013 Cluster munitions have been used by at least 22 government armed forces during conflict in 38 countries and four disputed territories since the end of World War II.

Cluster munition use in Syria • Government forces used at least 249 cluster munitions in 10 of 14 governorates from July 2012 to July 2014. • At least 7 types of cluster munitions used in Syria including airdropped bombs, dispensers fixed to aircraft, and groundlaunched rockets, and at least 9 types of explosive submunitions. • Government forces have primarily been responsible for use, but July 2014 media report alleging use by the Islamic State. • More than 140 states have condemned use of cluster munitions in Syria, including 51 states not party to the convention.

Use in Ukraine in 2014 • In early July 2014, evidence emerged that strongly indicates ground-launched cluster munitions were used in recent weeks in at least two separate locations in eastern Ukraine during fighting between Ukrainian government forces and Russian-backed armed insurgents. • Further evidence emerged in August 2014. • Russia has accused Ukraine of using cluster munitions. Ukraine has not denied the use but has blamed rebels.

Use in South Sudan in 2014 • In February 2014, UN experts found cluster munition remnants near Bor in Jonglei State. Both South Sudan and Uganda possess aircraft capable of delivering this type of airdropped cluster munition, but both have denied use. • The cluster munition use has been condemned by states as well as by a UN Security Council resolution on 27 May 2014.

Production and transfer Eighteen states have ceased the production of cluster munitions— 15 States Parties, one signatory (South Africa), as well as non-signatories Argentina and Slovakia. Sixteen countries continue to produce cluster munitions or reserve the right to produce in the future, but only three of these states are known to have used the weapon: Israel, Russia, and the United States. Of approximately 15 historic exporters of cluster muntions, six are now States Parties, and three states not party have enacted an export moratorium (Singapore, Slovakia, US).

Stockpiling of cluster munitions • The Monitor estimates that prior to the start of the global effort to ban cluster munitions, 91 countries stockpiled millions of cluster munitions containing more than 1 billion submunitions. • Of the remaining 68 states with cluster munition stockpiles today, 20 are States Parties or signatories to the convention. • Collectively, prior to any destruction activities, 29 States Parties stockpiled more than 1. 4 million cluster munitions containing 177 million submunitions.

Stockpile destruction 22 States Parties have destroyed 1. 16 million cluster munitions and nearly 140 million submunitions. This represents the destruction of 80% of cluster munitions and 78% of submunitions declared as stockpiled by States Parties.

Recent stockpile destruction • Four States Parties completed stockpile destruction in the reporting period: Chile, Denmark, FYR Macedonia, and the UK. During 2013, 10 States Parties including France, Germany, Italy, and Japan destroyed a total of 130, 380 cluster munitions and 24 million submunitions. • Major stockpilers have indicated their intent to complete stockpile destruction in advance of the deadline, including Sweden in 2014, and Germany and Japan in 2015.

Cluster munition contamination © UNMAS, February 2014 At least 23 states and 3 other areas are currently contaminated by cluster munition remnants.

Contaminated states and areas Africa (Sub. Saharan) Americas Asia-Pacific Europe Middle East & North Africa Chad Chile Afghanistan Azerbaijan Iraq DRC Cambodia Bosnia and Herzegovina Lebanon Mozambique Somalia South Sudan Lao PDR Vietnam Six states One state Four states Croatia Germany Montenegro Serbia Ukraine Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Seven states and two areas Libya Syria Yemen Western Sahara Five states and one area Bold = States Parties Underline = signatories Italics = Other areas

Clearance of cluster munitions In 2013, more than 54, 000 cluster munition remnants were destroyed during clearance of almost 31 km² of contaminated land Mauritania and Norway have recently reported clearance completion.

Cluster munition casualties • Cluster munition casualties have been recorded in at least 31 states and areas, including 12 States Parties and four signatories. • Through the end of 2013, 19, 419 all-time cluster munition casualties were reported by the Monitor. However, 55, 000 is a better global estimate. • Civilians accounted for the vast majority of casualties over all time, 94% where the status was recorded.

Cluster munition casualties Syria The Monitor reports 1, 584 Syrian casualties in 2012 and 2013 due to cluster munition strikes and remnants, including unexploded submunitions. Hundreds more cluster munition casualties have been recorded in 2014. Of those killed in 2012 and 2013, 97% were civilians. Global: Casualties occurred in 9 states and one area in 2013

Victim assistance © ICBL 2014

Victim assistance (continued) • The Convention on Cluster Munitions has set the highest standards for victim assistance in international humanitarian law. • In 2013, even the two non-signatory states with the most cluster munitions victims (Cambodia and Vietnam) continued reporting their efforts according to this emerging norm. • All States Parties with cluster munition victims provided some victim assistance services, but these still remain far from adequate in many places, especially remote and rural areas. • Conflict and displacement increased dangers and hampered availability of services to victims and survivors in 2013.

National legislation and interpretive issues • National implementing legislation: 22 States Parties have enacted; at least 19 are in the process of doing so; and 26 have indicated existing laws are sufficient. • Assistance with prohibited act/joint military operations: at least 38 States Parties and signatories share view that any intentional assistance prohibited; four States Parties take alternate view. • Transit and foreign stockpiling: at least 34 states have said prohibited; five States Parties take alternate view. • Investment in production of cluster munitions: nine States Parties have enacted legislation; at least 26 States Parties and signatories have provided view that it is prohibited.

Additional resources • Country profiles • Factsheets • CMC website www. stopclustermunitions. org • Landmine and Cluster Munition Blog landmineandclustermunitionblog. wordpress. com

Thank you! Visit us: www. the-monitor. org monitor@icblcmc. org @Mine. Monitor @banclusterbombs