MACBETH Act 2 Scene 2 READ ACT TWO

MACBETH Act 2, Scene 2

READ ACT TWO, SCENE TWO In this scene, you will meet… Lady Macbeth has drugged the king's guards, and she awaits Macbeth's return. He comes to report that he has killed Duncan, but he is fearful of divine punishment because when he heard Duncan's sons Malcolm and Donalbain praying he could not say 'Amen' to himself. He also says he heard a voice that predicted that he would never again be able to sleep. Lady Macbeth scolds him because he has brought the bloody daggers with him instead of leaving them in the hands of the guards, as they had planned. She goes to complete the deed, and as she returns they hear a knock at the castle entry. She insists that they must go to bed and pretend they have been asleep.

READ ACT TWO, SCENE TWO Comprehension Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What has Lady Macbeth done to make her ‘bold’? What noise does Lady Macbeth hear in the silence of the night? What reason does Lady Macbeth give for not murdering Duncan herself? Who does Macbeth hear praying in their room? What does Macbeth bring with him after the murder? What does Lady Macbeth say the grooms should be smeared with? What do Macbeth and Lady Macbeth hear at the end of the scene?

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTION What do Macbeth and Lady Macbeth do after the murder? 1. Why is Lady Macbeth not as strong as originally presented? 2. How is Macbeth feeling after he has murdered Duncan? 3. How could you describe the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth at this point in the play? 4. Who do you think is the most powerful in this scene? 5. Why?

THE BIG QUESTIONS Who is the Porter? Who is Macduff?

READ THE FIRST PART OF ACT TWO, SCENE THREE In this scene, you will meet… + the Porter The knocking continues as a drunken porter amuses himself with the notion that he is the door-keeper of hell. He finally admits Macduff and Lennox to the castle, and Macbeth arrives to greet them. He pretends to have been awakened by their arrival.

READ ACT TWO, SCENE THREE Re-read the Porter’s part of the scene and use the glossary to help you work out what kind of man he is. Comprehension Questions 1. Who is the first person the Porter imagines himself to let in to the gates of hell? 2. Who is the second person the Porter imagines himself to let in to the gates of hell? 3. Who is the third person the Porter imagines himself to let in to the gates of hell? 4. The Porter mentions he was hoping to let in ‘some of all professions’ to the gates of hell. What does this suggest about humanity and sin? 5. What does the Porter say about alcohol? Dig Deeper: The Porter seems to place great importance on himself by saying he is the gatekeeper of hell. Why would this be an important role? Consider the beliefs of those in Shakespeare’s lifetime. GLOSSARY: Beelzebub – A demon/the Devil Equivocator – Someone who speaks ambiguously or doesn’t tell the whole truth.

READ THE SECOND PART OF ACT TWO, SCENE THREE In this scene, you will meet… + the Porter Macduff goes to greet the king, while Lennox tells Macbeth of the night's violent and ominous storm. Macduff reappears and cries that the king has been murdered; he raises the alarm as Macbeth runs to the king's chamber. Lady Macbeth, Banquo, Malcolm, and Donalbain arrive in great confusion. Macbeth returns and reports that in his fury at the murder he has killed the guards, who he says are the murderers. As the group departs to dress and meet again, Malcolm and Donalbain confer. They fear that they will be suspected of the murder. They also fear for their lives, and they decide to flee the country.

YOUR TASK: MACDUFF Macduff, the Thane of Fife, can be viewed as the one who upholds moral justice and goodness in the play and is a foil to Macbeth’s evildoing. Activity 1: Look through the rest of the scene and write down all of the ways Macduff refers to King Duncan. What does this tell us about Macduff? 1. 2. 3. Activity 2: How does Macbeth refer to Duncan? How are the reactions of the two characters similar? How are they different? 1. 2. Activity 3: How is Macduff tricked by Lady Macbeth? What does she do to sustain the image of a shocked lady? Activity 4: Does Macduff say anything in this scene which could reveal he is suspicious of Macbeth? If so, what?

WHY IS THIS SCENE SO IMPORTANT? Shakespeare anticipates the horror of Macbeth’s reign; the ‘hell’ the porter alludes to will become reality. The delay in discovering Duncan’s body heightens the tension. Themes of murder and deception are developed: the innocent guards are murdered to cover up the first crime. Malcolm and Donalbain’s escape will be justification for Macbeth’s coronation – however their hasty departure also means that Macbeth wears the crown uneasily, knowing that they are alive and plotting against him.

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTIONS Who is the Porter? Who is Macduff?

MACBETH Analysis 2. 1

‘I go now, and it is done: the bell invites me’ (2. 1) • Short statement “I go now, and it is done” he has made up his mind + is sure that he will commit murder. • “It is done” statement emphasises fact that resolve is complete he will not go back on his decision. • “invites” indicates LMc. B’s power over him: the bell is representative of this, as just the sound of it is enough to destroy his indecisiveness, and push him into action. (bell = symbol of LMc. B’s control) ‘Invites’ polite + respectful contrasts with callousness of deed. • “me” – he is beginning to recognise his role in this, and is taking some responsibility in this act (though it has still only been carried out because the bell invited him – responsibility for the act, not for the initial idea to do it) • Themes: lies/deceit, ambition, murder, relationships, loyalty

‘Hear it not, Duncan, for it a knell/ That summons thee to Heaven, or to Hell’ (2. 1) • Macbeth hears the bell ring and prays that Duncan dosen’t hear it he is still torn about this as he doesn’t want Duncan to be aware of his role in this murder. • The ‘knell’ (bell ringing) also signifies Duncan’s murder he emphasises this by describing it as though it makes the decision as to whether he goes to heaven/hell. • Invocation of afterlife = indicates Shakespeare’s religious society this is important in the play as, without an afterlife, MB wouldn’t be plagued by apparitions/ghosts following his murder of Banquo. • Themes: lies/deceit, ambition, murder, relationships, loyalty

MACBETH Analysis 2. 2

‘That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold; / What hath quenched them hath given me fire. ’ (2. 2) • Here, LMc. B emphasises her fearlessness – she is not afraid of what she has to do. • ‘Bold’ reinforces this she has been made bold by consuming alcohol (much like the alcohol given to the servants) however, implication that she is not as ruthless as may seem: left to query if she had to drink to work up the courage, or she would have prepared for the murder without it. • There is a sense, though, that the alcohol has exhilarated her, giving her unbounding energy ad determination “hath given me fire”. • “fire” = connotes unpredictability, danger and destruction each of which links to her character. Emphasises fact that she is a dangerous character: she is willing and eager to commit murder, and due to her alcohol-induced determination, will ensure it occurs. • Creates dramatic tension as audience anticipate what is to come. • Themes: ambition, violence, gender stereotypes

‘Methought I heard a voice cry ‘Sleep no more!/ Macbeth does murther sleep!’ ‘ (2. 2) • MB has now committed murder – this marks his descent into evil, and marks the first of a number of evil deeds to follow. • However, he is immediately plagued with guilt, with his guilt once again manifesting itself as an illusion. Where before he saw the dagger floating before him, here he is hearing voices. • His mental deterioration, and mental frailty, is obvious here. • Similarly, he discusses the fact that he has murdered sleep he worries that he will be unable to sleep after murdering Duncan, because he will be plagued by the memory. • His conscience is coming to the fore – he knows what he has done is wrong and is warring with his morality and ambition still (even after the murder!). • Themes: guilt, morality vs immorality/ conscience/ evil vs good/ insanity (? )

‘Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? ’ (2. 2) • Hyperbolic language = shows the extremities of Macbeth’s emotions but his vast sense of the staining power of blood • “great Neptune” = the Roman god of the sea (Greek equivalent = Poseidon) demonstrates Shakespeare’s understanding of Classical myth/religion. • However, link to godly figure stresses the fact that MB is now detached from god he has committed the ultimate sin, and has stained his soul not even a god can help him absolve himself of this sin. • Thus, where he is literally referring to being unable to clean blood from hands, implication that he is worrying over his eternal damnation he will never be able to redeem himself/cleanse himself of his guilt, regardless of how much he tries to. • The idea of being unable to wash blood from murderous hands is repeated later by Lady Mcb the two are connected in their guilt. • Blood = symbolises guilt for both characters! • Themes: guilt, morality vs immorality/ conscience/ evil vs good/ insanity (? )

‘My hands are of your colour, but I shame to wear a heart so white. ’ (2. 2) • Metaphor “heart so white” • This quotation criminalises her, as she is recognising here she has had a part to play in the murder of Duncan their hands are, in effect, proof of the commission of murder as well as of their guilty partnership. • “white” commonly has connotations of purity, innocence and cleanliness preoccupation with cleanliness foreshadows her somnambulism (sleepwalking) later on in play + imagined inability to clean hands of the blood. • However, it could also be symbolising MBs cowardliness, as she is telling him she would be ashamed to be such a coward (as he is still beholden to his conscience). • She is telling her husband to stop bemoaning the crime he has committed, continually manipulating him by questioning his courage and manhood. • She knows that this is only the beginning they will have to keep their nerve in the morning when the King's body is discovered and there is pandemonium throughout the castle. • Themes: relationship, guilt, morality vs immorality/ conscience/ evil vs good

‘Where we are/ There’s daggers in men’s smiles’ (2. 3) • Donalbain is evidently suspicious + doesn’t trust those around him implication that must have been someone of high status to be able to get to him (? ) • Stresses fact that can’t distinguish between friends + foes, due to the false ‘smiles’ being portrayed (reminiscent of ‘th’innocent flower’ from earlier). • Though D cannot know MB responsible we know that this is exactly the case: he and LMc. B portraying false selves to avoid suspicion! • It seems clear that he means that they are unsafe in present company, and are unable to trust those he once considered friends. • He then refers to the necessity of separation to ensure their safety. • Themes: evil vs good/ appearance vs reality/ lies vs deceit

MACBETH The Great Chain of Being and Act 3, Scene 1

THE BIG QUESTIONS How does Duncan’s murder affect the Great Chain of Being? What is the relationship between Banquo and Macbeth like in Act 3, Scene 1?

READ ACT TWO, SCENE FOUR In this scene, you will meet… + Ross + Old Man An old man tells Ross of the strange omens that had preceded the king's death. Macduff reports that the flight of Malcolm and Donalbain has convinced everyone of their guilt and that Macbeth is to be crowned as Duncan's successor.

CONSIDER THIS Summarise the scene. Explain what unnatural things Ross and the old man say have happened since Duncan’s death. Ross and an old man talk about the darkness and unnaturalness of events that mirror Duncan’s murder. The sun is obscured, owls kill falcons, and Duncan’s horses eat each other. On the surface, the purpose of this scene seems to be simply to inform the audience of recent events. But look closer. Ross is a thane, a high-ranking nobleman, who seems to be mocking and old man. Also, he claims that he saw Duncan’s horses eat each other, but do you think this is true? What reason might Ross have for lying about such an event?

LOOKING BACK OVER ACT 2 By the end of Act 2, it is possible to view Macbeth in a number of different ways. Which of these interpretations do you think is the most valid? Discuss your reasons, referring to quotations where appropriate. He is a heartless killer who has murdered a kind king purely for his own benefit. He is politically clever and acts ruthlessly, simply because he lives in ruthless times. He is easily manipulated by a wife he loves, and acts to prove to her that he is a man. He has no choice: the Witches told him what was going to happen and it was fated to be so. He is a hero who has been selected by the thanes to rescue Scotland in its hour of need.

MACBETH The Great Chain of Being and Act 3, Scene 1

READ THE FIRST PART OF ACT THREE, SCENE ONE In this scene, you will meet… Banquo, alone, voices his suspicion that Macbeth killed Duncan, and he reflects on the Witches' prophecy that his own heirs will rule. Macbeth, now the king, arrives. He learns that Banquo proposes to go horseback riding with his son Fleance, and he insists that they return in time for the evening meal. Banquo leaves and Macbeth plans his murder, lest the Witches' prophecy come true.

READ THE FIRST PART OF ACT THREE, SCENE ONE Comprehension Questions 1. Why are Banquo’s opening lines significant? 2. What are Banquo’s suspicions? 3. What report does Macbeth give of Malcolm and Donalbain? 4. What does ‘parricide’ mean? 5. Why is Macbeth worried about Banquo?

YOUR TASK Macbeth thinks being king is empty without securing the crown for the MACBETH: rest of his life. To be thus is nothing, 1. Why do you think Macbeth is worried that he won’t always be king? But to be safely thus. Our fears in Banquo Stick deep, and in his royalty of nature Banquo is the only person who Macbeth fears in the world. Reigns that which would be feared. 'Tis much he 1. What sort of characteristics does Banquo possess according to dares, Macbeth? And to that dauntless temper of his mind 2. Why do these characteristics threaten Macbeth? He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor 3. What does Macbeth mean when he says, ‘under him my genius is To act in safety. There is none but he rebuked’? Whose being I do fear, and under him My genius is rebuked, as it is said Mark Antony’s was by Caesar. He chid the sisters The crown won’t make Macbeth’s sons kings, as that was promised When first they put the name of king upon me to Banquo. The crown is ‘fruitless’ as it won’t stay in Macbeth’s And bade them speak to him. Then, prophetlike, family. They hailed him father to a line of kings. 1. What is Macbeth saying about his reign as king? Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown 2. What are the connotations of ‘fruitless’ and ‘barren’? And put a barren scepter in my grip, Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand, Macbeth says he has made it easier for Banquo’s sons (Banquo’s No son of mine succeeding. If ’t be so, ‘issue’) to be King. They are already one step closer to gaining the For Banquo’s issue have I filed my mind; crown. For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered; 1. What does the word ‘filed’ imply about what is happening to Put rancors in the vessel of my peace Macbeth’s mental state? Only for them; and mine eternal jewel 2. Macbeth still says that Duncan is ‘gracious’, even though he Given to the common enemy of man, murdered him. What do you think Macbeth may be feeling here? To make them kings, the seed of Banquo kings! Rather than so, come fate into the list, And champion me to th' utterance. What is Macbeth going to do to fate to ensure Banquo’s children will never be king?

READ THE SECOND PART OF ACT THREE, SCENE ONE In this scene, you will meet… + Murderers Macbeth sends for the First Murderer and his companion and arranges for them to kill Banquo and Fleance as the victims return from riding.

HOW DOES MACBETH CONVINCE TWO MEN TO KILL BANQUO? How does Macbeth persuade the murderers to kill Banquo? Match the persuasive reason Macbeth uses to the correct quotation. He makes the men feel they should hate Banquo. “As hounds, and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs, shoughs, water-rugs and demi-wolves are clept all by the names of dogs. ” He uses questions to make the men think about their lives. “for’t must be done tonight. If it find heaven, must find it out tonight. ” He makes the men think that they would be getting themselves in his (the King’s) favour. “Well then, have you considered of my speeches? ” He asks them if they are the right sort of men. “This I made good to you in our last conference. ” He stresses how awful their life is and how it Banquo’s fault. “Know, that it was he in the times past which held you so under fortune, which you thought had been our innocent self. ” He uses repetition to make sure his point has been heard. “Are you so gospelled, to pray for this good man and for his issue, whose heave hand hath bowed you to the grave and beggared your forever? He compares the murderers to dogs and says different dogs have different qualities which you can distinguish when you line them all up. “Both of you know Banquo was your enemy. ”

MARK YOUR ANSWERS He makes the men feel they should hate Banquo. “Both of you know Banquo was your enemy. ” He uses questions to make the men think about their lives. “Well then, have you considered of my speeches? ” He makes the men think that they would be getting themselves in his (the King’s) favour. “This I made good to you in our last conference. ” He asks them if they are the right sort of men. “Are you so gospelled, to pray for this good man and for his issue, whose heave hand hath bowed you to the grave and beggared your forever? He stresses how awful their life how it Banquo’s fault. “Know, that it was he in the times past which held you so under fortune, which you thought had been our innocent self. ” He uses repetition to make sure his point has been heard. “for’t must be done tonight. If it find heaven, must find it out tonight. ” He compares the murderers to dogs and says different dogs have different qualities which you can distinguish when you line them all up. “As hounds, and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs, shoughs, water-rugs and demi-wolves are clept all by the names of dogs. ”

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTIONS Copy out the first big question and answer the questions that follow: How does Duncan’s murder affect the Great Chain of Being? 1. List three things that happen after Duncan’s murder. 2. Explain why we can’t entirely trust what Ross says to the old man. 3. Why are these things happening to the Great Chain of Being. What did these people believe? Copy out the second big question and answer the questions that follow: What is the relationship between Banquo and Macbeth like in Act 3, Scene 1? 1. Banquo has his suspicions of Macbeth and Macbeth is worried that Banquo’s prophecy will become true, although neither voice their concerns to the other. In light of this, list three adjectives to describe the relationship between Macbeth and Banquo.

‘Thou hast it now, King, Cawdor, Glamis, all, / As the Weyward Women promised, and I fear/ Thou play’dst most foully for’t’ (3. 1) • Banquo’s suspicion has been roused – indication that he knows/suspect MB has committed crimes/acted immorally to ensure that the witches’ predictions came true. • List ‘King, Cawdor, Glamis’ emphasises MB’s progression, as well as movement through social hierarchy. However, list is quite fast-paced (as three words listed as opposed to explanations), reflecting the speed with which MB attained role of King. • “I fear” suggests part of Banquo that doesn’t want to believe it, borne out of loyalty to MB as they are friends. • However ‘fear’ connotes apprehension, concern + danger recognises that MB potentially dangerous fears more than just MB’s descent into corruption: implication that MB is still dangerous + should be watched. • “foully” connotations of vileness, offense + disgust epitomises the deterioration of MB’s character. • Themes: relationships, loyalty, evil vs good/ appearance vs reality/ lies vs deceit

‘Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown’ (3. 1) • Stresses contrast between MB and B where B is destined to have a line of children, MB is instead fated to have no children. • ‘fruitless’ can mean useless, which suggest MB beginning to view crown in different light (not worth the work he put in) • This pointlessness links in with the second meaning of the word: referring to his lack of children – he cannot bear fruit (children) + therefore fruitless. • This lack of children is arguably frightening to him, as the prophecy suggests B’s sons will then take throne he is looking to retain his role for as long as possible, and views B’s lineage as a threat he is the one who has sacrificed his soul and his conscience by killing the king but, according to the predictions, B's son is going to inherit the throne. • Macbeth arguably getting resentful that he has done all the work to earn a throne he will not be able to pass on to any son he might have. • His language -- fruitless, (+ later barren, filed, rancors, wrenched, unlineal) --indicates the level of his unhappiness. • Resentment rising building up tension as audience wonders what he might do to remedy his feelings of contempt. • Themes: Fate, relationships, loyalty, evil vs good/ appearance vs reality/ lies vs deceit

“’We are men my liege. ’/ ‘Ay, in the catalogue ye go for men” (3. 1) • Demonstrates the extent of LMc. B’s manipulation here MB is using her tactic of questioning manhood to convince murderers to kill B + F • He truly has descended into darkness, using deceit + manipulation to achieve his ambition of having complete control • Themes: Relationships, loyalty, evil vs good/ appearance vs reality/ lies vs deceit

‘It is concluded. – Banquo, thy soul’s flight, / If it find Heaven, must find it out tonight. ’ (3. 1) • Rhyming couplet has a pleasant sound as creates symmetry in speech = sense of completion. • This representative of completion of MB’s thoughts he is determined to kill B + F, and is satisfied with this decision. • Similarly, the rhyme applied here, demands the audience’s attention to show the amplified emotion. • MB addresses this to B – indicates his confidence, as well as complete corruption: he seems almost blind to the immorality of this act ambition clouding his judgement. (contrasts with murder of Duncan, when he asked that the night concealed his movements, and hoped that D wouldn’t be alerted to his evilness: he has change!) • WC “flight” – connotes weightlessness, escape + journeying these are relatively positive connotations, again highlighting MB’s mental deterioration Ø Does he view this as benevolent in some way? As B will be escaping the negativity of life + rising up to a higher plain? Ø Or does this represent his weightlessness – his relief at having made the decision + his satisfaction with the perceived outcome (remaining King) – think this is more likely • Themes: Fate, relationships, loyalty, evil vs good/ appearance vs reality/ lies vs deceit/ ambition

MACBETH: ‘O, full of scorpions is my mind’.

THE BIG QUESTION How has Macbeth’s state of mind developed from the beginning of the play to this point?

READ ACT THREE, SCENE TWO In this scene, you will meet… Macbeth and Lady Macbeth discuss the danger Banquo presents, and Macbeth darkly hints at the plot he has set in motion.

READ ACT THREE, SCENE TWO Comprehension Questions 1. How is Macbeth feeling at the beginning of this scene? 2. What do you think Macbeth means when he says, ‘we have scorched the snake, not killed it. ’ 3. What does Macbeth say about Duncan in his grave? 4. How does Lady Macbeth ask her husband to act around his guests? 5. Why do you think Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth that she should give Banquo her special attention by making him feel important? 6. Why does Macbeth ask for darkness again at the end of the scene? Summarise Act Three, Scene Two in no more than three sentences.

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTION How has Macbeth’s state of mind developed from the beginning of the play to this point?

‘Better be with the dead…Than on the torture of the mind to lie/ In restless ecstasy’ (3. 2) • Here MB associates death with peace + life with turmoil indicates mental toll living with guilt of murder has had on him. • Also demonstrates method MB using to make himself feel better about committing murder he is giving them peace in the afterlife. • WC “torture” emphasises his turmoil, with connotations of distress, pain, and suffering shows self-centredness, as he focuses on his own pain and suffering as opposed to considering the pain and suffering he caused Duncan + Banquo : he is selfish, concerned about no one • “restless ecstasy” he feels guilt, but not enough to stop – he is ‘restless’, desirous to continue, to do something else to solidify his power. • Similarly, “ecstasy” suggests extreme happiness + excitement definite suggestion that he isn’t finished yet: audience apprehensive as worry about what else he might do! • This quotation epitomises MB’s torment: not the balance and control he is trying to achieve by committing these crimes. • Themes: Fate, loyalty, evil vs good/ appearance vs reality/ lies vs deceit/ ambition

‘O, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife!’ (3. 2) • ‘O’ = exclamation he is expressing intense emotion here: guilt + torment • Metaphor wherein compares his guilty thoughts to scorpions considering that scorpions = deadly, poisonous + dangerous = he views his guilty conscience as dangerous it is attacking him. • Warped sense of morality – views conscience as negative as opposed to his criminal acts! • However, mention of scorpions also suggests plagued with murderous thoughts he is the one calling the shots + has completely descended into evilness. • “dear wife” term of endearment: indicates that, despite his corruption + immorality, he does still love his wife however, his obsession with ambition + solidifying/protecting power makes him blind to her suffering later on. • Themes: Relationships, loyalty, evil vs good/ lies vs deceit/ ambition

‘Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck. ’ (3. 2) • “Be” = imperative he is in control + commanding the situation • Indicates role reversal where before LMc. B was in charge, now it is MB : the two have effectively switched places. • WC “innocent” = ironic as LMc. B isn’t innocent character – she was complicit (and indeed took charge of) Duncan’s murder. Ø Connotations of purity, goodness + harmlessness everything we know LMc. B isn’t emphasises her corruption • Representative of MB’s corruption too – he is telling her that he doesn’t want her to be involved in what he is planning (the murder of B): he is taking full responsibility, and suggests he has accepted this aspect of his nature. (though we know he is always plagued by his guilt) • “dearest chuck” endearment cares for her: however this is arguably not why he keeps her out of the loop: disconnects her out of thoughtlessness doesn’t consider her in his plans anymore • Themes: Relationships, loyalty, evil vs good/ lies vs deceit/ ambition

MACBETH Banquo’s murder and the appearance of Banquo’s ghost.

THE BIG QUESTION Why does Banquo’s ghost appear to Macbeth?

READ ACT THREE, SCENE THREE In this scene, you will meet… + Fleance + Murderers The two murderers, joined by a third murderer—sent by Macbeth— attack Banquo and Fleance. Banquo is killed, but Fleance escapes.

READ ACT THREE, SCENE THREE Comprehension Questions 1. Why do you think Macbeth sends a third murderer to accompany the two he already spoke to? 2. Banquo mentions to his son, Fleance, that it will rain that night. How is the weather being used to establish the mood of the scene? 3. Banquo tells Fleance to ‘fly’ and tells him that he will be able to get revenge one day. In what way do you think Fleance will get this revenge? Dig Deeper A student, having read this scene, said, ‘Although Macbeth has already committed a terrible atrocity in the killing of Duncan, this scene confirms there is no hope for his redemption. ’ To what extent do you agree? Provide evidence for your answer.

READ ACT THREE, SCENE FOUR In this scene, you will meet… The First Murderer reports to Macbeth during a banquet. When the king returns to his guests, the Ghost of Banquo appears and sits in his chair. No one sees it but Macbeth, who reacts with horror. Lady Macbeth tells the guests that he is suffering from an old illness, and when the Ghost disappears, Macbeth recovers. But it soon reappears and evokes a strong response from Macbeth; the banquet is disrupted and the nobles leave. Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth that he will consult the Witches, to learn of all possible threats.

READ ACT THREE, SCENE FOUR Comprehension Questions 1. What does the murderer have on his face as a result of the murder? 2. What does Macbeth compare his kingship to, having believed both Banquo and Fleance were dead? 3. Why do you think Macbeth compares Banquo and Fleance to snakes? 4. How many injuries does Banquo sustain to his head? 5. Where does Banquo’s ghost sit? 6. What can we infer about the appearance of Banquo’s ghost based on Macbeth’s dialogue? 7. What does Macbeth say the appearance of Banquo’s ghost would do to the devil? 8. What does Lady Macbeth compare this event to? 9. What forms does Macbeth say he would prefer Banquo’s ghost to appear as?

ACT THREE, SCENE FOUR Considering; - how Macbeth behaves. - how Lady Macbeth reacts to her husbands behaviour. - how the nobleman react to Macbeth’s behaviour. Begin to consider the purpose of Banquo’s ghost. Why does Shakespeare bring him back and have him interact with Macbeth?

CONSIDERING MACBETH’S RESPONSE Consider the following quotations. For each one, answer the questions surrounding it to help you consider Macbeth’s response to seeing Banquo’s ghost. 1. Macbeth is describing the ghost. He is feeling… 2. Alliteration of ‘b’ sounds (plosives) creates the effect of… ‘Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold’. 3. Blood is associated with violence and murder, which shows that Macbeth cannot stop thinking about… 4. How does Shakespeare create a contrast with the words ‘blood’ and ‘cold’? What image does it create of Banquo’s ghost?

CONSIDERING MACBETH’S RESPONSE In this quotation, Macbeth is addressing Banquo’s ghost directly. 1. Banquo’s ghost is shaking his head at Macbeth in this quotation. Perhaps Banquo is shaking his head because… 2. The imperative ‘never’ suggests Macbeth is feeling… ‘Thou canst not say I did it. Never shake thy gory locks at me. ’ 3. ‘Thou canst not say I did it’ – What does this tell us about Macbeth and his guilt? 4. The adjective ‘gory’ suggests Banquo’s hair is… This implies Macbeth is haunted by the brutality of Banquo’s murder.

CONSIDERING MACBETH’S RESPONSE In this quotation, Lady Macbeth has just asked her husband whether he is a man. 1. Macbeth acknowledges that he is a ‘bold man’, saying that he is … to look upon Banquo’s ghost. b) How do you think an audience would react to seeing Banquo’s ghost? ‘Ay, and a bold one, that dare look on that Which might appal the devil. ’ 3. What is Macbeth’s state of mind here? 4. Connotations of the ‘devil’ include… 5. The fact that Banquo’s ghost might ‘appal the devil’ suggests that what Macbeth is seeing is…

TO FINISH Use the class discussion to answer today’s big question: Why does Banquo’s ghost appear to Macbeth? In Act 1, Scene 7 Macbeth says ‘False face must hide what the false heart doth know’ – how good is he at demonstrating that? ‘It will have blood they say. Blood will have blood. ’ – Why is Banquo’s ghost presented directly to Macbeth? Why does Macbeth need to see the consequences of his commands? Does Macbeth's apparent insanity in Act 3, Scene 4 render him a more sympathetic character or is this punishment for his 'vaulting ambition that o'erleaps itself'?

‘But now I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in/ To saucy doubts and fears’ (3. 4) • “But” = conjunction indicating change in mind-set once again we see MB as an indecisive character. • Alliteration focuses on attention on MB’s feelings of entrapment repetitive “c” sound = harsh/guttural indicates abruptness with which MB approaching this situation similarly, mimics the damaging impact this situation is having on his mentality. • Word choice either ”cabined”, “cribbed” or “confined” connotations of isolation, limitation and imprisonment all of which negative. Ø Demonstrates the restrictive impact his mentality is having on him: indication that he believes his conscience to be the restrictive force, as it is forcing him into doubting himself. Implication that MB would be happy without his conscience – maybe would find this easier. • Clear that he has once again devolved into uncertainty: learning of Fleance’s escape has thrown him • His guilt/conscience once again plaguing his thoughts he has ”doubts” and “fears” about his future (considering prophecies) • Themes: lies/deceit, ambition, conscience, guilt, loyalty, relationships

‘Thou canst not say I did it: never shake/ Thy gory locks at me’ (3. 4) • ”Thou” – personal pronoun – addresses dialogue to B’s ghost: a figment of his imagination here, it becomes clear that MB starting to lose his grip on reality. • “never” - imperative – though this is a command, there is a tone of fear permeating this quotation: MB is fearful of B’s ghost, and is telling him to leave due to this - not because he is in control. Indeed, far from being in control at this point, as he is witnessing a physical manifestation of his guilt • Imagining B trapped with chains in the afterworld represents fear that he has damned him to eternal suffering OR may represent his fears for his own damnation. • “gory locks” WC “gory” connotes violence, disgust + horror representative of B’s violent death • The fact that MB’s mind is conjuring this up therefore indicates regret/guilt over arranging B’s murder – his mind giving him a visual representation of consequences of his actions. • Themes: violence, death, ambition, guilt, lies/deceit, appearance vs reality

‘Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold; / Thou hast no speculation in those eyes/ Which thou dost glare with!’ (3. 4) • Personal pronouns throughout once again direct speech towards B’s ghost (figment of MB’s imagination) • He is listing everything that suggests B is not really there (no marrow in his bones, blood has run cold, he cannot see from his eyes) – he is arguably trying to convince himself that B is truly dead indicates his mental instability, as suggests he is at risk of believing B to be standing in front of him. • This suggestion of instability is confirmed by the final line – “which thou dost glare with”. • Alliteration of plosive ‘b’ sound places emphasis on his infirmity of mind, whilst placing emphasis on bones and blood – 2 words most commonly associated with death/violence. • “glare” something you can only do if you’re alive in the line previous, he mentions that B unable to use his eyes as he is dead, and then describes him as ‘glaring’ at him. • MB transferring his own emotions onto this manifestation – the ‘glaring’ is representative of his own guilt/shame at having arranged the murder of B. • Word has connotations of anger, resentment and bitterness he imagines B feeling these things towards him, however in this moment, these are the feelings MB has towards himself he arguably resents the decision he has made. • Themes: lies/deceit, appearance vs reality, instability, ambition vs conscience

‘And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks, / When mine is blanched with fear. ’ (3. 4) • Natural ruby = this phrase refers to the idea of blood coursing through her veins, and has connotations of healthiness, life + fearlessness. Emphasises fact that, where MB crumbles due to guilt, he believes LMc. B can withstand them (he thinks she can see B’s ghost too at this point!). • Blanched = reinforces this idea means to have colour extracted connotations of fear, death + distress emphasises extreme feelings of guilt MB feeling @ this time + that terrified of B’s ghost. • Fact that he is describing himself as having physically paled once seeing the ghost demonstrates strength of belief that B is actually there indication of his descent into insanity/madness/ sense of reality is crumbling • This serves to create a contrast between the 2 characters LMc. B is still strong + powerful, whereas MB is weak and guilt-ridden. • Despite the fact that he appeared powerful before (by ordering murder of B), clear he has once again returned to uncertainty + fear he is unstable!

‘We are yet but young in deed. ’ (3. 4) • “we” = collective he is still regarding LMc. B as being a partner in his crimes. The use of this word develops a sense of falsity as we know that he is no longer including LMc. B in his plans – he is only thinking of himself now: so there is no ‘we’. • Statement is evidence of his desire to minimise responsibility by making LMc. B accountable, whilst also showing his conflicted nature (jumping between caring about her + wanting her to be included, and thinking about himself only) • “young in deed” = young in committing crimes/murder they haven’t don’t much yet • ”yet” = indicates that more is to come: MB having murderous thoughts/ is in need of more experience. • Quite a chilling end to the scene MB recognises and embraces murderous impulses.

MACBETH End of Act 3

THE BIG QUESTION Who is Hecate?

READ ACT THREE, SCENE FIVE In this scene, you will meet… + Hecate chastises the Witches because they have not included her in their dealings with Macbeth. She tells them that they must prepare especially potent spells to delude Macbeth when he consults them.

YOUR TASK: HECATE’S SPEECH Find a quotation which supports the idea that Hecate is angry with the three witches for giving Macbeth prophecies. Highlight it and explain why Hecate is angry with the witches for this? Why does Hecate not like Macbeth? Find a quotation where she lists the characteristics she disapproves of. What does Hecate instruct the witches to do? What does Hecate predict Macbeth will do when he hears the next set of prophecies offered to him by the witches?

READ ACT THREE, SCENE SIX In this scene, you will meet… Lennox + a Lord Lennox and another Lord discuss the suspicious deaths of Duncan and Banquo, the exiled Malcolm's support from the King of England, and Macduff's defection to his cause. They hope for aid from England against Macbeth.

READ ACT THREE, SCENE SIX Comprehension Questions 1. What does Lennox say men should not do? What are his reasons for saying this? 2. Who does Lennox say could be blamed for Banquo’s murder? Why? 3. What reasons does Lennox give for Macduff falling out of Macbeth’s favour? 4. Who is looking after Malcolm in England? 5. What is Macbeth planning to do in response to Malcolm and Macduff’s actions? Dig Deeper As we begin to approach the end of the play, who does Shakespeare have his audience align themselves with? What is the state of Macbeth’s kingship?

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTION Who is Hecate?

MACBETH Act 4, Scene 1 – The apparitions

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTION What do the three apparitions tell Macbeth?

READ ACT FOUR, SCENE ONE In this scene, you will meet… The Witches and Hecate cast spells, and Hecate departs as Macbeth arrives. The Witches summon three APPARITIONS to answer Macbeth's questions. The first, an armed head, warns Macbeth against Macduff; the second, a bloody child, declares that no man born of a woman can harm him; the third, a crowned child, assures him that he will not be conquered until the forest at Birnam marches to Dunsinane. Macbeth concludes that he is certain of continued success. Macbeth asks if Banquo's descendants shall ever rule Scotland. A parade of eight KINGS appears, escorted by Banquo's Ghost, which smilingly indicates that these are his offspring. The apparitions and Witches disappear. Lennox brings news of Macduff's desertion, and Macbeth decides he will kill all of Macduff's family and followers, as punishment.

ORACY TASK: BEFORE WE READ Before we read the scene, let’s consider how Macbeth is speaking to the witches. What do his words reveal about his character? Let me know… I conjure you… Answer me to do what I ask you. Call ‘em Tell me, thou unknown power… Tell me… shall Banquo’s issue ever reign? I will be satisfied?

READ ACT FOUR, SCENE ONE Comprehension Questions 1. What are the witches doing when the scene opens? 2. How does Macbeth describe the witches when he first sees them in this scene? 3. What appearance does the first apparition take? 4. What does the first apparition tell Macbeth? 5. What appearance does the second apparition take? 6. What does the second apparition tell Macbeth? 7. What is Macbeth’s reaction to the second apparition? 8. What appearance does the third apparition take? 9. What does the third apparition tell Macbeth? 10. What else does Macbeth see after the third apparition? 11. What news does Lennox bring of Macduff? 12. What does Macbeth plan to do in response?

CONSIDER THIS In Shakespeare’s day, historians believed James I was descended from the real Banquo. James was King of Scotland England (‘two-fold balls’ – the orbs of the crown jewels – 2 showing the 2 countries) and he ruled over three kingdoms – Scotland, England Ireland (‘treble sceptres’). There are clear links between James and the Kings in this scene. The eighth King represents James’ ancestors. He carries the ‘glass’ (mirror) showing the future of many Kings from the same family: this is where James fits in. Our current Queen is a descendant of James I, so they end up ruling for hundreds of years – Shakespeare predicted the long line of monarchs within James’ family (one might argue)!

YOUR TASK: THE ROLE OF THE APPARITIONS Complete the following table, explaining what the apparitions tell Macbeth and why they tell him what they do in this particular way. Finished? In your books, explain why you think the apparitions take the form of children. How is this going to affect Macbeth? Think back to all the references to children so far in ‘Macbeth’.

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTION What do the three apparitions tell Macbeth?

The First Apparition, a helmeted head, rises into sight. (4. 1) • • SYMBOLISM “helmeted head” represents the military OR the violent premise of MB’s rule Symbolises MB as soldier @ beginning of text as well, as him in his final fight scene. It is only the head alludes to fact that head will be cut off by Mac. Duff. Thus foretells the battle that is to come.

The Second Apparition, a blood-stained child, rises into sight. (4. 1) • Represents Macduff ‘bloody’ because, as a baby, he was ripped from his mother's womb. • So while assuring Macbeth that none of woman born can harm him, the witches show him Macduff, was “not of woman born” and will defeat him. • Demonstrates the see the duplicity/deceitfulness of the witches and how they betray Macbeth they tell him something that makes him believe he is safe, whilst simultaneously presenting him with a physical depiction as to how he is not. • They are not trustworthy characters words are not to be trusted! • Arguably MB’s trust in them that gets him into the situation he is in – if he had been as wary as Banquo was, this might not have panned out in the way it did.

The Third Apparition, a child crowned, with a tree in his hand, rises into sight. (4. 1) • The child crowned with the tree in his hand, represents Malcolm who is the real King, who will come with the Birnam Wood to destroy Macbeth. • As innocence + purity = connotations of “child”, indicates that purity will be restored once Malcolm is crowned as king, as returns world to its natural order once more. • “rises into sight” suggests that Malcolm’s ascension = close he will be crowned soon. • Foreshadows fact that MBs end is nigh (near)!

‘That trace him in his line. No boasting like a fool; / This deed I’ll do before this purpose cool. ’ (4. 1) • “that trace him in his line” refers to Mac. Duff’s lineage here: anyone related to Mac. Duff will be killed by MB’s sword. • Evidence of his descent into evil he is willing to kill anyone that stands in his way (he mentions he will kill Mac. Duff’s “wife” and “his babes”!) • “no boasting like a fool” he will not boast about what he intends to do, he will just do it. It would be ‘foolish’ to simply talk about it now is the time for action. • “This deed” murdering Mac. Duff and his lineage/associates • “before this purpose cool” indication of his instability: he needs to do it before his desire to do so cools off in other words, he needs to do it before his conscience is able to convince him otherwise. • From this, we see that MB is not going to change/alter his course he will continue on this murderous and deceitful journey till the very end.

MACBETH The murder of the Macduffs

THE BIG QUESTIONS Who is Lady Macduff? What happens to Lady Macduff and her son?

READ ACT FOUR, SCENE TWO In this scene, you will meet… Lady Macduff bemoans her husband's departure. She tells her son that his father is dead, but the clever boy realises this isn't true, and engages his mother in a humorous exchange. A Messenger appears, quickly delivers a warning of their imminent danger and flees. The murderers appear, kill the boy, and chase his mother as she attempts to escape. She is not successful and is also killed.

READ ACT FOUR, SCENE TWO Comprehension Questions 1. What reasons does Lady Macduff give for her husband’s departure to England? 2. What qualities does Ross say Macduff possesses? How are they different to Macbeth’s? 3. Why do you think Lady Macduff tells her son his father is dead even though he is not? 4. What do the messengers tell Lady Macduff? 5. What happens to Lady Macduff and her son? Dig Deeper 1. How have children been presented so far in the play? What are Macbeth’s views on children? 2. Why does Shakespeare focus on the relationship between Lady Macduff and her son? 3. Although Macbeth has already ordered the death of a child, his first attempt was unsuccessful. This time he is successful. What could this child’s death be symbolic of?

CONSIDER THIS The depth of brutality to which Macbeth has sunk is revealed in his determination to massacre innocent women and children in Macduff’s castle. Macduff’s wife interprets her husband’s flight to England as madness, fear or lack of love for his family. Ross comforts her: Macduff knows best, and even though the times are dangerous, they will improve. Macduff’s son teases his mother affectionately. Behind his playful words are glimpses of the dangerous times: traps for the innocent and widespread treachery. A messenger arrives to warn of danger. The messenger warns Lady Macduff to flee with her children because terrible danger is near. The Murderers enter, seeking Macduff. They kill his son and pursue Macduff’s wife to murder her.

THE BIG QUESTIONS Who is Lady Macduff? What happens to Lady Macduff and her son?

MACBETH Kingship and Act 4, Scene 3

THE BIG QUESTIONS What is the relationship like between Malcolm and Macduff? Which qualities are said to make a good king?

READ ACT FOUR, SCENE THREE In this scene, you will meet… In England, Malcolm tests Macduff's loyalty to Scotland. He pretends to confess to acts of wickedness, and when Macduff mourns for his country, Malcolm knows he does truly love Scotland. Ross brings the news that Macbeth has slaughtered Macduff's family. Macduff vows revenge, and he and Malcolm prepare to launch an army against Macbeth.

YOUR TASK: ACT FOUR, SCENE THREE – A CLOSE READING Act 4, Scene 3 is a long scene between Malcolm and Macduff. Malcolm’s character, in particular, is quite confusing here and so it is extremely important we understand what is being said. Read Act 4, Scene 3 and complete ‘The Most Important Parts’ sheet, using the visualiser to share your ideas.

YOUR TASK: REVIEWING ACT FOUR, SCENE THREE Turn these fragments into sentences. 1. says they ‘howl’ and are full of ‘sorrow’ to Example sentence: When Macduff is speaking to Malcolm in Act Four, Scene Three, he describes the actions of Scotland’s widows and says they ‘howl’ and are full of ‘sorrow’ to show the suffering that occurs under Macbeth’s rule. 2. tries to persuade Malcolm to 3. is curious as to why Macduff would leave 4. says that Scotland ‘weeps’ and ‘bleeds’ which 5. makes clear that the qualities of a good king are 6. reveals he has been lying to

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTIONS What is the relationship like between Malcolm and Macduff? Which qualities are said to make a good king?

MACBETH Act 5, Scene 1 – Lady Macbeth’s madness

THE BIG QUESTION What becomes of Lady Macbeth?

READ ACT FIVE SCENE ONE In this scene, you will meet… Observed by a Gentlewoman and a Doctor Lady Macbeth walks in her sleep and raves about the blood on her hands. She mentions the murders of Duncan, Lady Macduff and Banquo.

READ ACT FIVE, SCENE ONE Comprehension Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What does the Gentlewoman say Lady Macbeth has been doing? What action does the Doctor observe in Lady Macbeth? What is causing Lady Macbeth agitation? Who is Lady Macbeth referencing when she says, ‘a soldier, and afeard’? What does Lady Macbeth say about Lady Macduff? How do the Doctor and the Gentlewoman react to what they hear? What does Lady Macbeth say about Banquo? What do you think Lady Macbeth is referring to when she says, ‘There’s knocking at the gate. ’ Lady Macbeth says, ‘What’s done cannot be undone. ’ What is Shakespeare trying to tell his audiences here? The Gentlewoman says, ‘She has light by her continually; ‘tis her command. ’ Consider the significance of this line by thinking about Lady Macbeth when we first meet her.

YOUR TASK: HOW HAS LADY MACBETH CHANGED? Consider Lady Macbeth’s character. What was she like when we first met her? What is she like now? How has she changed? BEGINNING END

ORACY TASK: IS LADY MACBETH STILL A VILLAIN? NOW THEN Gentlewoman: “It is an accustomed action with her, to seem thus washing her hands; I have known her continue of this a quarter of an hour. ” Lady Macbeth: "A little water clears us of this deed. ” Lady Macbeth: “If he do bleed, I’ll gild the faces of the grooms withal…” Lady Macbeth: “Here’s the smell of the blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. ” Challenge: “Lady Macbeth is not a villain in the play. She is treated as such just because she is a woman who displays signs of ambition but this is not a bad thing. She should not be viewed as evil. ” To what extent do you agree?

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTION What becomes of Lady Macbeth? Now that we have read through the scene, consider the following question: Why has Lady Macbeth become this way?

“Out, damned spot: out, I say!” (5. 1) • This quotation epitomises extent of LMc. B’s guilt: she echoes MB from A 2 Sc 2, when he fretted that even Neptune’s oceans couldn’t wash away the blood. • Here, LMc. B hallucinating/imagining that blood is on her hands • Contrast created throughout text between MB + LMc. B: where @ beginning, she is confident/assured/cruel, he was uncertain and guilt-ridden. At this point in the play, they have switched roles. Becomes apparent here. • Repetition of “out” emphasises strength of her desire to get rid of the blood/absolve herself of sin. • Exclamation as above: demonstrates strength of guilt, and desperation to cleanse herself of her role in murder. • Fractured sentence due to inclusion of two commas and a colon reflects fractured mind-set: her mind has been eroded/broken by her guilt. • Word choice of ‘damned’ significant: though she is using it as a curse, this also reflects her recognition that her soul is damned due to her role in the murder of Duncan introduces theme of religion here: she is concerned about her eternal soul. • Shows she truly recognises that what she did was wrong. • Symbolism ‘blood’ (the “spot”) blood symbolises guilt

“‘Here’s the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of/ Arabia will not sweeten this little hand” (5. 1) • Much like previous: epitomises/highlights LMc. B’s extreme feelings of guilt. • Symbolism blood symbolises guilt • Hyperbole again, echoes MB’s reference to Neptune’s ocean from before: all the perfumes in Arabia would be unable cleanse her soul, making her hands pure/clean gives vast sense of the staining power of blood. • Word choice of “sweeten” connotations of kindness, purity + betterment she is looking to cleanse her soul, but believes this is not possible. • Word choice of “little” reinforcement of gender stereotype: small/dainty hands contrasts with the character of LMc. B as she has subverted gender stereotypes throughout. • She is now weak + guilt-ridden: the opposite of what she was like when we were first introduced to her.

“give me your hand: what’s done, cannot be undone. To bed, to bed’’ (5. 1) • Symbolism of “hand” generally hands = symbolic of connection, stability + support here LMc. B is talking to MB (though he isn’t there), so reference to taking his hand indicates she is in need of support here from husband. • Heart-breaking scene, as we have not seen LMc. B like this (weak and vulnerable) this is the time when she needs him the most, and he is nowhere to be seen instead, pursuing his ambition. • She has lost her ‘dearest partner of greatness’ and is alone. • Imperative she is still dictating, reminiscent of the authority she had earlier in play however, the symbolism of hand, and the broken nature of her speech, indicates that she is no longer this strong character this imperative therefore highlights how broken she is. • Contrast between before when she tells MB ‘what’s done is done’ (assured) and ‘cannot be undone’ (guilt/regret) she has been broken by feelings of guilt, as she realises it was a mistake – one that she will suffer the consequences for. • Repetition ‘bed’ alludes to idea that she is going to her eternal rest: bed has connotations of peace, stillness and exhaustion she is exhausted by weight of guilt, and seeks out peace now.

MACBETH Act 5 and the end of the play

THE BIG QUESTION What becomes of Macbeth?

READ ACT FIVE SCENE TWO In this scene, you will meet… Angus + Menteith + Caithness A group of Scottish rebels against Macbeth speak of the approaching English army led by Malcolm, Macduff, and Siward. They prepare to rendezvous at Birnam Wood, near the castle at Dunsinane where Macbeth has established his defence.

READ ACT FIVE, SCENE TWO Comprehension Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Who is leading the English troops? Who is Malcolm’s uncle? Where does Angus say they will meet the oncoming army? What does Lennox say about some of those who make up the army? What news does Caithness bring of Macbeth? Why does Angus compare Macbeth to a ‘dwarfish thief’?

‘Those he commands move only in command, nothing in love’ (5. 2) • Here, Angus emphasises fact that MB’s soldiers do not love him – they do as they are told simply because they are expected to do what king tells them to. • Emphasises deterioration of MB’s character: @ beginning he was respected/venerated/loved by peers now, he is loved by no one. • Word choice of “only” reinforces sense of MB’s isolation, as well as highlighting the fact that the soldiers do not care for him. • As such, get a sense that MBs demise is imminent he has disintegrated as a character, and, with no one to support him, will likely fall.

READ ACT FIVE SCENE THREE In this scene, you will meet… + Doctor Macbeth boasts that he does not fear the invaders because of the assurances of the Apparitions. The Doctor reports that Lady Macbeth is troubled by hallucinations, which he cannot cure. Macbeth rejects him angrily.

READ ACT FIVE, SCENE THREE Comprehension Questions 1. How is Macbeth feeling at the very beginning of this scene? 2. How does Macbeth react at the servant’s news that there are ten thousand troops? 3. What does Macbeth decide to do in response to the English threat? 4. What news does the Doctor bring of Lady Macbeth? 5. What is Macbeth’s reaction to this news? 6. Why do you think Macbeth remains hubristic in this scene?

YOUR TASK: CONSIDER MACBETH’S SPEECH 1. In this speech, Macbeth lists four things that people hope for in old age. What are they? Why doesn’t he have them? 3. What does the language of this speech suggest about Macbeth’s outlook on life by this point in the play? I have lived long enough. My way of life Is fall’n into the sere, the yellow leaf, And that which should accompany old age, As honour, love, obedience, troops of friends, I must not look to have; but in their stead, Curses, not loud but deep, mouth-honour, breath Which the poor heart would fain deny, And dare not. 2. What does Macbeth expect instead of the things that old people wish for? What does this tell us about him? 4. What has power done to Macbeth? Why does this have to happen to him?

READ ACT FIVE SCENE FOUR In this scene, you will meet… + Siward Malcolm orders that each of his soldiers, assembled at Birnam Wood, shall carry a branch cut from a tree to provide camouflage and confuse the enemy as to their numbers.

READ ACT FIVE, SCENE FOUR Comprehension Questions 1. Where does this scene take place? 2. What are Malcolm’s instructions to each soldier? 3. Why does he instruct each soldier to do this? 4. What do the men know of Macbeth’s actions?

READ ACT FIVE SCENE FIVE In this scene, you will meet… + Seyton reports to Macbeth, on the castle walls, that Lady Macbeth is dead. Macbeth laments (a passionate expression of grief and/or sorrow) the nature of life. His Messenger arrives and reports that, unbelievably, Birnam Wood appears to be moving towards the castle. Macbeth recognizes the danger predicted in the Apparition's prophecy, but he declares himself ready to die.

READ ACT FIVE, SCENE FIVE Comprehension Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are Macbeth’s plans for the English army? What happens to Lady Macbeth? What is Macbeth’s reaction to his wife’s death? What does Macbeth say about life and what it is like? Why do you think he is feeling this way? What news does the Messenger bring Macbeth?

YOUR TASK: ‘TOMORROW, AND TOMORROW’ What is Macbeth saying about how the days pass? Macbeth says life is an ‘illusion’ here. What does he mean? What is Macbeth saying about life? MACBETH: She should have died hereafter. There would have been a time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, What does Macbeth’s reaction to the news of his wife’s death tell you about how he is feeling at this point? Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player Is there a symbolic meaning to the ‘brief candle’ Macbeth mentions? That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. What is the metaphor Macbeth uses here? What does he compare life to?

YOUR TASK: REVISIT THE CAPTAIN’S SPEECH FROM ACT ONE, SCENE TWO Is this still the case? What has happened to Macbeth now? How is Macbeth still ‘disdaining fortune’ with ‘brandish’d steel? ’ How is Macbeth referred to now? Does he deserve his new name? Which part of the Captain’s speech has NOT changed? Which character in the play is more deserving of this accolade? With this in mind, how is the Captain’s speech and example of foreshadowing?

‘She should have died hereafter, / There would have been a time for such a word. / Tomorrow, and tomorrow’ (5. 5) • Emphasises fact that MB believes his wife has died too young – it wasn’t her time to go. • ‘She’ = impersonal he is arguably separating himself from naming her to avoid being overcome with emotion. However, also indicates that he is no longer emotionally connected to her cannot feel any emotion other than ambition. • Repetition of ‘tomorrow’ recognises death was inevitable for her, however emphasises that it was too soon.

‘Out, out, brief candle!’ (5. 5) • Repetition of ‘out’ – mimics LMc. B’s speech from earlier indicates that they are still connected in some way. • Word choice ‘brief’ connotations of being fleeting + being premature indicates that he believes LMc. B had more life left to live suggestion that he is lamenting losing her. • Symbolism ‘candle’ representative of the tenuous hold on life just as a candle connotes instability and fragility, becomes clear that candle represents the fact that life can easily be destroyed however also clear that candle cannot last forever: nor can life. o Thus, the candle is symbolic of life – but also emphasises that, though death was inevitable for LMc. B, her death was still premature. • Exclamation mark indicates strength of his emotion we get the sense that he does truly feel bad that LMc. B is gone. • However, it’s not long before he returns to war he was not that devastated/overcome by emotion that he realised error of ways/ didn’t want to continue with plight.

‘Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, / Signifying nothing. ’ (5. 5) • MB discussing meaninglessness of life here demonstrates losing LMc. B has had impact on mentality, if only briefly. • Macbeth is feeling that life is absurd and that nothing has any purpose or meaning - ”signifying nothing” • Everything seems to be quickly spinning out of control and toward his doom + everything he did to become king will soon be erased by his story coming to an end and he is recognising this. • Suggests that life is a tale/story – we are our own story-tellers. • Here, MB recognises that he is an ‘idiot’ (he is the person telling his story) he is an idiot for not realising how futile/fragile life can be. • Macbeth realises that he has wasted so much of his brief life (and, by extension, all of us do as well) and that it has all proven meaningless in the end.

‘Blow wind, come wrack; At least we’ll die with harness on our back!’ (5. 5) • Represents a return to the character we were introduced to: he is determined to die a warrior. • Rhyming couplet introduces symmetry indicates that MB is at peace with himself, and with how he is proceeding in returning to the ‘valiant warrior’, he returns to the man he was supposed to be. • Exclamatory sentence demonstrates strength of belief in what he is saying he will go down fighting audience believes him. • Word choice: harness refers to armour again highlights fact that he intends to go down fighting, regardless of what stands in his way. • Despite everything he has done, we arguably respect him here he is honourable in this moment.

READ ACT FIVE SCENE SIX AND SEVEN In this scene, you will meet… + Siward Malcolm, Siward, and Macduff approach the castle. Macbeth fights Young Siward, kills him, and leaves to fight elsewhere. Macduff appears and follows him.

READ ACT FIVE, SCENE SIX AND SEVEN Comprehension Questions 1. Who does Malcolm instruct to lead the first battle? 2. Why does Macbeth not give his name to Young Siward, Malcolm’s cousin, at first? 3. What happens to Young Siward? 4. What does Macbeth say Young Siward was?

READ ACT FIVE SCENE EIGHT AND NINE In this scene, you will meet… Macduff finds Macbeth and they fight. Macbeth boasts that he cannot be killed by any man born of a woman, but his opponent counters with the information that he, Macduff, was taken surgically from his mother's womb before birth, and in this sense was not born of a woman. They fight, and Macduff kills Macbeth. Macduff appears with Macbeth's head and hails Malcolm as King of Scotland. Malcolm declares that when he is crowned his supporters shall be made Earls, in celebration of the defeat of Macbeth.

READ ACT FIVE, SCENE EIGHT AND NINE Comprehension Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How does Macduff refer to Macbeth? What does Macduff reveal about himself? Who delivers the news to Siward that his son is dead? What happens to Macbeth? Who becomes king at the end of the play?

YOUR TASK: SCOTLAND’S FUTURE UNDER MALCOLM’S RULE What reward does Malcolm give for those who fought with him? What do Malcolm’s names for Macbeth and Lady Macbeth suggest about them? How does the play end? We shall not spend a large expense of time Before we reckon with your several loves, And make us even with you. My thanes and kinsmen, Henceforth be earls, the first that ever Scotland In such an honour named. What's more to do, Which would be planted newly with the time, As calling home our exiled friends abroad That fled the snares of watchful tyranny; Producing forth the cruel ministers Of this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen, Who, as 'tis thought, by self and violent hands Took off her life; this, and what needful else That calls upon us, by the grace of Grace, We will perform in measure, time and place: So, thanks to all at once and to each one, Whom we invite to see us crown'd at Scone. What does Malcolm hope to do to those who fled Scotland under Macbeth’s rule? Malcolm says he will do whatever God commands of him. How does this create a sense of hope?

‘I have no words: / My voice is in my sword’ (5. 8) • MB is done speaking – he will now resolve this issue the way he knows best through violence. • However, this violence is different to that which we have grown accustomed too from him: where in case of murders this violence = unjust, here MB is being honourable: he is looking to go down in battle. • Again – he is starting to return to man we saw @ beginning of play.

‘Accursed be the tongue that tells me so’ (5. 8) • MB realises in this moment that his faith in witches’ prophecies has been misplaced he realises he has been misled, and tricked, and is angered by this. • Though he is cursing the messenger – he is really angry at the witches + himself a few lines later he refuses to fight because he realises everything he has done up until this point has been a lie. • Word choice: ”accursed” demonstrates strength of emotion he is devastated by this news.

“Behold, / where stands/ Th’usurper’s cursed head: the time is free” (5. 9) • Commanding “behold” demands attention + indicates importance of this line. • This depicts MB’s end he has been beheaded. • Word choice of ‘th’surper’ highlights fact that MB’s ascension was fake – he usurped the natural order, and was therefore not the rightful monarch • Colon introduces the idea that peace/harmony has returned with MB’s death, natural order has returned. • Highlighted by word choice of ”free”, with connotations of peacefulness, liberation + a lack of restriction indicates that people were oppressed under MB’s rule due to his tyranny/insanity, but are now free because rightful king has returned to throne.

YOUR TASK: SHAKESPEARE’S PURPOSE Why might Shakespeare have written the play? Complete each analytical verb with a different idea: Shakespeare may have written ‘Macbeth’: -to criticise the witches – they are the main focus of the text, and instigate all of the events that occur through their prophecies/ to criticise stereotypes, demonstrated through Lady MB + MB’s subversion of stereotypes throughout. -to teach the audience about witches and their supernatural powers: to teach us to be wary of them/ to have a mind of your own, and avoid being led by others/ importance of the natural order + conforming to it (following it), emphasises religious practise within Jacobean England. -to warn people about the dangers of witches/witchcraft, and to ensure we avoid trusting them/ of the dangers of ambition, to ensure we don’t become obsessed by it/ that there always consequences for your actions, and these consequences cannot be avoided. -to reveal the importance of recognising when someone is being truthful/deceitful, as becomes clear people can be easily led by half-truths if they aren’t aware of them/ how committing murder/a sin can have a detrimental emotional impact on a person -to celebrate King James I’s Scottish heritage, and to pander to him/ the importance of life: it is fragile and can be taken away at any moment so we must cherish it/ religion in Shakespeare’s society, due to discussion of GCOB etc.

REVISITING THE BIG QUESTION What becomes of Macbeth?

YOUR TASK: FINAL REVISION OF THE BIG QUESTIONS Consider ALL of the BIG QUESTIONS from our ‘Macbeth’ lessons. Without looking at your book, answer them in as much detail as you can. There is a lot to get through here so take your time! Go around the room and share your ideas. With a green pen, add in any information you may have missed. Let’s share our ideas as class.

Macbeth So Far… QUESTIONS 1. How does Macbeth’s character link to theme of ambition? 2. Which characters link to theme of appearance vs reality? How? 3. Discuss Shakespeare’s use of light and dark so far in the play.