SENTENCE PATTERNS Descriptive Grammar 2 S 2016 Mrs

SENTENCE PATTERNS Descriptive Grammar – 2 S, 2016 Mrs. Belén Berríos Droguett

THE USE OF PATTERNS v We use patterns to analyze as well as to construct sentences v The same rules that we use of the analysis of sentences can be used to identify certain repeated or common structures v The identification of these structures helps us to create new grammatically well-formed sentences, clauses or phrases v The following patterns to be presented are based on the concept of simple, compound and complex sentences

SENTENCE PATTERNS v The patterns here presented are focused on the relation of Subject and Verb (Predicator) v These patterns work with different form of sentences, thus, declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperatives; as well as positive/negative, active and passive v The 24 patterns which will be presented are mostly focused on simple sentences; numbers 22 and 23 acknowledged complex sentences v By the end of the presentation, there will be presented some key words and forms in relation to

SENTENCE PATTERNS I. Subject + Verb The sun shines II. Subject + Verb + Complement The sun is shiny III. Subject + Verb + Adverbial (Av. P) The sun is up IV. Subject + Verb + Direct Object He likes the sun V. Subject + Verb + Adverbial (PP) The sun shines on the sky

SENTENCE PATTERNS VI. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adverbial He likes the sun on the sky VII. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adjective He likes the tea very cold VIII. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to be + Aj. P (Complement) He prefers the tea to be cold IX. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement He calls his boyfriend dear

SENTENCE PATTERNS X. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adverbial (PP) He drinks the tea in the balcony XI. Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object He gave his boyfriend a new jacket XII. Subject + Verb + for (duration) + Adverbial They walk for one hour XIII. Subject + Verb + infinitive (bare form) They would get married

SENTENCE PATTERNS XIV. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + infinitive (bare form) He heard him sing XV. Subject + Verb + to – infinitive They need to go away XVI. Subject + Verb + wh-word + to-infinitive He decided what to do XVII. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to-infinitive He invited him to travel

SENTENCE PATTERNS XVIII. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + wh-word + toinfinitive He taught him how to dance XIX. Subject + Verb + present participle They enjoy dancing XX. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + present participle They like their dogs playing XXI. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + past participle He prefers the shoes brushed

SENTENCE PATTERNS XXII. Subject + Verb + that + Noun Clause They admit that they would like to get married XXII. (a) Subject + Verb + Direct Object + that + Noun Clause He told me that they are planning to get married (b) Subject + Verb + Direct Object + wh-word + Noun Clause I convinced them where they should have the wedding XXIV. (a) Subject + Verb + so They expect so (b) Subject + Verb + not They expect not

SENTENCE PATTERNS v Compound sentences: they are actually two sentences put together by a conjunction, its more common pattern is: Sentence 1 + conjunction + Sentence 2 v. However there are certain elements we can have in mind to identify: v. Connectors which appear with a comma: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so v. Connectors which appear with a semicolon and comma: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, therefore v. We can then state two possible patterns:

SENTENCE PATTERNS v Complex sentences also can show us some possible patterns, in this case, the relation between the Main Clause and its Subordinate Clause v There are some typical relations we can identify: Cause – Effect: because, since, so that Comparison – Contrast: although, even though, whereas, while Place – Manner: where, wherever, however Possibility – Condition: if, whether, unless Relation: that, which, whom Time: after, as, before, since, whenever, while,

SENTENCE PATTERNS v Usually, the presented connectors appear at the beginning of subordinate clause, indicating the type of relation between them v From this, we can identify the following patterns: SP + connector + SP or Connector + SP, SP or S + connector + P + SP v Finally, it is also possible have the combination of compound and complex sentences, being the patterns: SP, and SP because SP or Because SP, but

BASIC AND DERIVED v A Basic structure is a model shared by speakers, which by most, it is considered the common, normal, correct form to organize or create a sentence v Derived structure, on the other hand, refers to the change of these structures in order to give emphasis to certain elements by the speakers, or simple simplify the form Example: She enjoys books Books she enjoys SPO OSP

OMISSION v Another phenomenon which can appear or happen among sentences is the omission of certain elements; there we can identify: v Omission of relative pronouns: E. g. The places that they have visited The places they have visited v Omission in comparative clause: E. g. Charles completed the marathon faster than Jerry completed the marathon Charles completed the marathon faster than Jerry v Omission in coordinate constructions: E. g. Charles is at the bank and Jerry is at the bank Charles and Jerry are at the bank Charles was tired and Charles was sleepy Charles was tired and sleepy v Tag questions: E. g. They should buy the house, shouldn’t they (unlinked coordination –

OMISSION v. Some specific names in relation to Omission are: v Relative pronoun omission v Ellipsis v Branching coordination v Coordination reduction

OTHER CHANGES v Split of constituents: division of elements inside a sentence or phrase by another element which can be naturally moved. This movements can be either for meaning purposes or looking for a more natural expression E. g. He would happily help you Happily he would help you Can you explain me the problem? You could explain me the problem v Double Analysis: v Passive reconsidered E. g. Their dogs caught the intruder The intruder was caught by their dogs v Subject raising E. g. Charles wanted his dogs to sleep in the room Charles wanted that his dogs sleep in the room Jerry preferred they sleep in the living room Jerry preferred them to sleep in the living room

CHANGES v Cleft structures: a single clause is split into two separate clause like-parts E. g. Charles has visited his mother every week It was Charles who visited his mother every week v Existential Clauses: sentences beginning with “there” E. g. There are two dogs on the sofa Two dogs are on the sofa v Extraposition: a construction where a NCl, as a subject, is postponed to the end of the MCl, replaced by “it” E. g. What he has done was horrible It was horrible what

v Fronting of subordinate clause object: move the subordinate clause to the beginning by extraposition E. g. It was difficult to understand the class The class was difficult to understand v Substitution of PP for Indirect Object E. g. Jerry sent Charles an email Jerry sent an email to Charles v Postponement of postmodifiers E. g. Their moment to make a decision has arrived Their moment has arrived to make a decision