SAS Maps as Tools to Display and Clarify
- Slides: 37
SAS® Maps as Tools to Display and Clarify Healthcare Outcomes Barbara B. Okerson, HMC, Richmond, VA
Abstract Changes in healthcare and other industries often have a spatial component. Maps can be used to convey this type of information more quickly than tabular reports and other nongraphical formats. SAS®, SAS/GRAPH and ODS graphics provide SAS programmers with the tools to display spatial data in a meaningful manner that aids in understanding of changes that have transpired. This presentation illustrates the creation of a number of different maps for displaying change over time with examples from the healthcare arena. Examples include choropleth, bubble, and distance maps and introduce the new GEOCODE procedures.
Purpose n Identify population/demographic differences n n n Identify providers/provider areas in need of improvement Identify regional differences in healthcare delivery Identify population differences n Identify changes in outcomes by demographics
Maps as images When generating a map as an image, the user has extensive control over the map's appearance. These maps allow users to do the following within the procedure: n For block maps, specify: n n For choropleth maps, specify: n n n n colors and patterns that fill the map areas, and ranges for the response variable. For prism maps, specify: n n Block width, outline colors for blocks and map areas, the angle of view; ranges for the response values, and specify the angle of view. Hide the legend, or change its features; Add titles and footnotes to the map; Use annotations to enhance the map; and Create non-spatial maps.
Types of maps n Choropleth n Block n Prism
Types of maps (cont. ) n Area n Other
ACTIVE-X and JAVA Both Active. X and Java allow: n A pop-up box that displays data values as mouse moves over n n area; Panning, rotating, or zooming the map; Changing the use of color in map areas, legend or background; Hiding the legend, or changing its features; and Displaying or hiding a background image (when used). Additionally, Java allows: n Changing the map type so that values for the response data are represented as: n blocks that are set on the map areas, n patterns or colors in the map areas, or n raised polygons in the map areas.
Pop-ups and flyovers Java- popup Active-X - flyover
Included maps Purpose – understand health care outcomes n Choropleth with graphic markers n Choropleth color patterns Population distribution n Fetal mortality rates n Medical costs n n Geocoding – non-geographic example n Bubble map – bubbles for linked labels n National county map
GMAP SAS code proc gmap map=maps. us data=maprank; id state ; choro raterank / levels=5 coutline=black legend=legend 1 annotate=labels; run; quit;
Annotate SAS code data labels; length function color $ 8 text $ 25; retain function 'label' xsys ysys '2' hsys '3' when 'a'; set office 2; text=put(pass, passfmt. ); position='5'; color='red'; size=7; style='Marker'; output; run;
Annotate SAS code data labels; length function color $ 8 text $ 1 style $ 15; retain function 'label' xsys ysys '2' hsys '3' when 'a'; set office 2; if pass=1 then do; text=put(pass, passfmt. ); position='B'; color='blue'; size=4; style='"Webdings"'; output; end; if pass=2 then do; text=put(pass, passfmt. ); position='B'; color='red'; size=5. 5; style='"Webdings"'; output; end; run;
Annotate SAS Code data labels; length function $ 8 style $ 15; retain xsys ysys '2' hsys '3' when 'a'; set office 2; function='move'; output; function='image'; style='fit'; imgpath='r: bokersonsas global forumsgf 2010office. bmp'; x=x+0. 05; y=y+0. 05; output; run;
Map color patterns n SAS provides many options n Default list n Specify color list (color name, RGB value, HLS Value and Hex Value) n Specify pattern list (color name, RGB value, HLS Value and Hex Value) n %colorscale, a SAS-supplied macro: HTTP: //FTP. SAS. COM/TECHSUP/DOWNLOAD/SAMPLE/GRA PH/OTHER-COLOR. HTML n Safe for black/white: colors=(white bwh vpab vlipb lib) or colors=(bwh vpab vlipb lib virp)
Color references SAS TS-688 http: //support. sas. com/techsup/technote/ts 68 8/ts 688. html http: //www. colourlovers. com/ http: //www. hitmill. com/html/pastels. html http: //www. w 3 schools. com/html_colors. asp http: //www. netstrider. com/tutorials/HTML/colors/ http: //www. visibone. com/vaccc/
Choropleth map – population change
Color patterns - greens pattern 1 value=msolid color=cx. FFFF 66; pattern 2 value=msolid color=cx. CCFF 00; pattern 3 value=msolid color=cx 66 FF 00; pattern 4 value=msolid color=cx 009900; pattern 5 value=msolid color=cx 666600;
Choropleth map – intervention impact
Color patterns - oranges goptions colors=(white cx. FFDAB 9 cx. FFA 07 A cx. F 2691 E cx. B 85800) Note: pattern statements take precedence over goptions – if using goptions do not use pattern.
Choropleth – change in cost
Color patterns - mixed pattern 1 v = msolid c =Lemon. Chiffon; pattern 2 v = msolid c = cxffcc 00; pattern 3 v = msolid c = orange; pattern 4 v = msolid c = cxd 9892 b; pattern 5 v = msolid c = vpag; pattern 6 v = msolid c = Yellow. Green ; pattern 7 v = msolid c = Medium. Sea. Green ; pattern 8 v = msolid c = brown; pattern 9 v = msolid c = CX 800000 ; pattern 10 v = msolid c = CX 33070 F ;
Member to provider distance: GPLOT, GEOCODE, and GEODIST
GEOCODE SAS code proc geocode plus 4 lookup=lookup. zip 4 data=work. members out=work. geo_members; run; quit;
GEODIST function data geo_members ; set geo_members; retain prov_x prov_y; set geo_members; if _n_ = 1 then do; prov_x = x; prov_y = y; end; else dist = geodist( y, x, prov_y, prov_x, ‘DM’ ); drop prov_x prov_y; run;
GPLOT SAS Code goptions reset=all gunit=pct border ftext='Arial' ftitle='Arial' htext=4 htitle=7 ctext=black colors=(cx 7 BA 7 E 1 cx. D 80000 cx 00 CC 66 cx. FFFF 00 ltgray) ; symbol 1 interpol=join; title 'Miles to Choice of Provider'; axis 1 order=(0 to 15 by 1) offset=(0, 0) minor=none label=none; axis 2 order=(0 to 100 by 20) offset=(0, 0) major =(height=1) label=( j=r 'Percent' j=r 'of Members'); proc gplot data=provider 2; plot p 5*interval p 4*interval p 3*interval p 2*interval p 1*interval /overlay haxis=axis 1 autovref autohref cvref=black chref=black lautovref=34 lautohref=34 vaxis=axis 2 vminor=3 caxis=black areas=5; run; quit;
Bubble map with Google Maps links for health center locations Health Center Locations
Health center location SAS code proc sql; create table circle_anno as select loc_ccnv. zip, zipcode. city, -1*zipcode. x as longitude, zipcode. y as latitude from loc_ccnv left join sashelp. zipcode on loc_ccnv. zip=zipcode. zip; quit; run; /* Convert degrees to radians, */ data circle_anno; set circle_anno; length city $ 30; city=scan(zipcity(zip), 1, ', '); x=atan(1)/45 * longitude; y=atan(1)/45 * latitude; run;
Google Maps link
Google Maps link SAS code data circle_anno; length function style color $ 8 position $ 1 text $ 20 html $1024; retain xsys ysys '2' hsys '3' when 'a'; set circle_anno; html='title='||quote( trim(left(propcase(city)))||' ('||trim(left(zip))||')' ) ||' '||'href='||quote('http: //maps. google. com/maps? t=k&hl=en&q='||tri m(left(put(zip, z 5. )))); function='pie'; color='graycc'; style='psolid'; position='5'; rotate=360; size=3; anno_flag=1; output; function='label'; position='B'; style='"Arial"'; text=trim(left(city)); color='black'; cbox='white'; size=2; anno_flag=3; output; run;
U. S. map with county boundaries
Proc RANK SAS code proc rank data=mapbh out=mapbhrank group=5; var pctbh; ranks pctbhgrp; run; data mapbhrank(rename=(stfips=state cntyfips=county)); set mapbhrank; pctbhgrp=pctbhgrp+1; run; proc sql; create table bhdatamap as select * from maps. uscounty m left join mapbhrank r on m. state=r. state and m. county=r. county; run; quit;
References Ingenix Geo Networks. http: //www. ingenix. com/content/attachments/Geo. Netwo rks_brochure. pdf. Accessed February 2010. Massengill D, Odom E. “PROC GEOCODE: Creating Map Locations from Your Data. ” SAS Global Forum 2009. Osborne, Anastasiya. “Let Me Look At It! Graphic Presentation of Any Numeric Variable. ” SAS Global Forum 2009. SAS Institute, Inc. 2009. http: //support. sas. com/rnd/datavisualization. Accessed October 2009. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. SAS Online. Doc® 9. 1. 3. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Contact info Barbara B. Okerson, Ph. D. , CPHQ, FAHM Senior Health Information Consultant National Accounts Outcomes Health Management Corporation (HMC) 8831 Park Central Drive, Suite 100 Richmond, VA 23227 Office: 804 -662 -5287 Fax: 804 -662 -5364 Email: bokerson@choosehmc. com
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