Punctuation Pg 700 End Marks An end mark

Punctuation Pg 700

End Marks • An end mark is a mark of punctuation placed at the end of a sentence – Periods – Question Marks – Exclamation points

When to use end marks and punctuation: • Use a period at the end of a statement – Ex. The cat ran down the road. • Use a question mark at the end of a question – Ex. Did the cat run down the road? • Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamation – Ex. The stupid cat ran down the road! • Use either a period or an exclamation point at the end of a request or a command – Ex. Go find the cat, it ran down the road.

When to use end marks and punctuation: • Use a period after most abbreviations – Personal Name • Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald – Titles with name • Ex. Mr. and Mrs. – Organizations and Companies • Ex. Co. , Inc. , Corp.

Exceptions to the Rule • Government agencies – FBI, CIA • Widely Used Abbrevations – PBS, YMCA • Two letter state abbrevations, only when followed by a zipcode. – FL, OH, MI

Exceptions to the Rule • When an abbreviation with a period ends a sentence, another period is not needed. However, a question mark or an exclamation point is used as needed – Ex. We will arrive by 3: 00 P. M. – Ex. Can you meet us at 3: 00 P. M. ?

Practice For each of the following sentences, insert the correct end mark. EXAMPLE 1. May I take a message? 1. Have you ever heard Yo-Yo Ma’s music 2. Larry, why are spiders not classified as insects 3. What a fabulous story you have told 4. Yes, Sitting Bull was a medicine man

Commas • Commas are used to separate words or groups of words within a complete thought

• Use commas to separate items in a series – Ex. January, February, March are all summer months in the Southern Hemisphere. • Only short independent clauses in a series may be separated by commas. • Independent clauses in a series are usually separated by semicolons • Ex. You will need a pencil and plenty of paper. • Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives that come before a noun – Ex. My spaniel is a fat, sassy puppy.

Exceptions to the Rule • When all items in a series are joined by and or or, do not use a comma to separate them. – Ex. Take food and water and matches with you.

Practice Insert commas where they belong in the following sentences. If a sentence is correct without commas, write C on the line provided. _____ 1. Fishing snow skiing and scuba diving are my favorite sports. _____ 2. They wanted to ride horses go hiking and explore the cave. _____ 3. Our reading list includes books by Gary Soto Julia Alvarez and Amy Tan. _____ 4. The four principal islands of Japan are Honshu Shikoku Kyushu and Hokkaido. _____ 5. Photographers reporters and tourists got off the plane.

Compound Sentences • Use a comma before and, but, for, nor, so, and yet when they join independent clauses in compound sentences. – Ex. It was late, so we went home. • Exception • When the independent clauses are very short, the comma before and, but, or or may be omitted. • Ex. It rained and rained.

Interrupters • Use commas to set off an expression that interrupts a sentence – Ex. My neighbor, Ann Myers, is a fine golfer. • Use commas to set off nonessential participial phrases or nonessential subordinate clauses – Ex. My sister, listening to her radio, did not hear me. – Ex. Goonies, which I saw again last week, is my favorite movie.

• Use commas to set off appositives and appositive phrases that are nonessential. • Don’t forget, an appositive is a noun or pronoun used to explain or identify another noun or pronoun. – Ex. Jamacia, a popular island for tourists, is in the Caribbean Sea. Make sure you only use commas to set off NONESSENTIAL appositives.

Practice Most of the following sentences contain nonessential phrases or clauses. Add commas where they are needed. If a sentence is correct, write C. _____ 1. Geronimo who led the Chiricahua Apaches was a great leader. _____ 2. The salad that she made for the potluck dinner was a colorful mix of tomatoes, artichoke hearts, carrots, and black olives. _____ 3. Hercules whose picture can be found on many ancient Greek pottery pieces was the son of Zeus.

Practice Insert commas where they are necessary in the following sentences. 1. How many gold medals did Carl Lewis who was an Olympic sprinter and long jumper win? 2. Alfre Woodard in my opinion deserved the award. 3. Will you Angelica return my book when you go to the library?

• Use commas to set off words that are used in direct address • Ex. Ben, please answer the phone. • Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions – A parenthetical expression is a side remake that adds information or relates ideas. • Ex. Carl, on the contrary, prefers soccer to basketball.

• Use a comma after certain introductory elements – After yes, no, or any mild exclamation such as well or why at the beginning of a sentence • Ex. Yes, Lena you may borrow my bike. – After an introductory participial phrase • Ex. Beginning the new school year, Zelda felt somewhat nervous. – After two or more introductory prepositional phrases • Ex. In the morning, sunlight streamed through the window.

• Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause • Ex. After I finish my homework, I will go to the park.

Conventional Situations • Use commas to separate items in dates and addresses – Ex. She was born on January 21, 1997, in Toledo, Ohio. • Use a comma after the salutation of a friendly letter and after the closing of any letter – Ex. Dear Dad, – Ex. Yours Truly,

Practice Insert the necessary commas in the following sentences. 1. On Wednesday January 21 1998 Pope John Paul II traveled to Havana Cuba. 2. My friend is traveling here from Providence Rhode Island. 3. Enrique lives at 287 Austin Street Duluth Minnesota 55803. 4. Since Friday August 13 1999 Jiro has been taking piano lessons. 5. Mail the letter to 25 Foster Lane Billings Montana 59102.

Semicolons ; • A semi colon looks like a combination of a period and a comma, and that is just what it is. • It separates complete thoughts as a period does, but also separates items within a sentence like a comma does. – Ex. Jimmy took my suitcase upstairs; he left his own in the car.

• Use a semicolon between independent clauses if they are not joined by and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet • Use a semicolon rather than a comma before a coordinating conjunction to join independent clauses that contain commas – Ex. I wrote to Ann, Ramona and Mai; and Jean notified Latoya and Sue.

Colons : • Use a colon before a list of items, especially after expressions such as the following or as follows – Ex. The primary colors are as follows: red, blue, and yellow • Use a colon between the hour and the minute – Ex. 8: 30 A. M.

• Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter – Ex. Dear Sir or Madam: • Use a colon between chapter and verse in biblical references and between all titles and subtitles – Ex. Harriet Tubman: Conductor on the Underground Railroad.

Practice Most of the following sentences contain at least one error in the use of semicolons or colons. On the line provided, write each word or number that should be followed by a semicolon or colon, adding the correct punctuation. If a sentence is correct, write C. _____ 1. At noon, the monkeys sat in the shade of the leafy treetops, some napped, while others groomed each other. _____ 2. Customs were very different then today people rarely wear gloves in the summer. _____ 3. Some reliable bulbs for beginning gardeners include tulips, daffodils, and gladioluses.

Tuesday Practice The following sentences contain errors in the use of end marks, semicolons, or colons. Insert appropriate punctuation where it is needed. 1. What is your PO Box number 2. Nelson Mandela spent many years as a political prisoner before being elected South Africa’s first black president

Wednesday Practice Insert commas where they are necessary in the following sentences. 1. During her senior year, Janell's address was East Hall 203 Milnor Avenue Buffalo New York 14218. 2. The chief crops grown in India include rice coffee and cotton.

Thursday Practice Insert the commas that are missing from the following sentences. If a sentence is punctuated correctly, write C on the line provided. _____ 1. Who are Robert Wadlow Albert Kramer and Jane Bunford? _____ 2. You are no doubt used to hearing about basketball centers football ends and baseball pitchers who are more than six feet six inches tall.