Prefixed Word Forms in the German Mental Lexicon

Prefixed Word Forms in the German Mental Lexicon Ingrid Sonnenstuhl Meike Hadler Helga Weyerts Harald Clahsen University of Düsseldorf Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 1

The Lexical Representation of Derivational Word Forms Ø Full form storage of all complex word forms, morphological structure plays no role. (e. g. Butterworth 1983; Rumelhart & Mc. Clelland 1986; Bybee 1995) Ø Full form storage of all complex word forms, morphological structure plays some role. (e. g. Lukatela, Gligorijevic, Kostic, Savier & Turvey 1980; Andrews 1986; Feldman & Fowler 1987; Schriefers, Friederici & Graetz 1992) Ø Decomposition of complex word forms. (e. g. Taft & Forster 1975; Taft 1979, 1981) Ø Transparency determines the processing of complex word forms. (e. g. Henderson, Wallis & Knight 1984; Feldman 1994; Marslen-Wilson, Tyler, Waksler & Older 1994; Drews & Zwitserlood 1995) Ø Different processing of prefixed and suffixed words. (e. g. Marslen-Wilson, Tyler, Waksler & Older 1994) Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 2

Previous Results Full-form frequency effect? Full priming effect? Default Forms -t participles ge-[ kauf ]-t no yes -s plurals [ Brikett ]-s no yes Irregulars -n participles [ gefahren ] yes no -er plurals [ Kinder ] yes no yes Subregulars -n Plurals [+ fem, + e] [ Tasche ] -n ] Productive Derivations -ung nominalizations [[ Stift ]-ung ] yes diminutives [[ Kind ]-chen ] yes Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 3

Two Mechanisms – Three Distinctions Word forms inflected by a general default: Basic stem and affix Irregulars: Opaque stems Subregulars and productive derivation: Morphologically structured stems -t participles -s plurals -n participles -er plurals -n plurals -ung nominalizations diminutives Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 ge[ kauf ]-t 'bought' [ Brikett ]-s 'briquets' [ gefahren ] 'driven' [ Kinder ] 'children' [[Tasche]-n] 'pockets' [[ Stift ]-ung] 'donation' [[ Kind ]-chen] 'small child' 4

Research Questions Ø Do the results from suffixed forms generalize to prefixed forms? Ø How are derivational forms with a limited productivity represented? Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 5

German Adjectives Investigated bequem 'comfortable' unbequem 'uncomfortable' un + bequem [ un [ bequem ] ] stabil 'stable' instabil 'unstable' instabil [ instabil ] Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 6

Experiment 1 Frequency Effects insta bil Unprimed Lexical Decision Access Representations Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 7

Experiment 1 Frequency Effects Condition Mean base stem frequency Mean derived stem frequency un- (high) 70, 0 12, 6 ungerecht 'unjust' un- (low) 69, 8 0, 3 unplausibel 'implausibel' in- (high) 149, 1 9, 5 inoffiziell 'unofficial' in- (low) 149, 3 0, 3 ineffektiv 'ineffective' Prediction: Derived word forms are stems by themselves Ø frequency effects for derived stems Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 8

Experiment 1 Frequency Effects Results • Word- form frequency effects for both derivational forms Ø Full-form representations for fully productive and less productive prefixed adjectives Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 9

Experiment 2 Cross-Modal Priming [ insta: bi: l ] stabi l Cross-Modal Priming Stem-Internal Lexical Structures Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 10

Experiment 2 Cross-Modal Priming Auditory primes Derivational form Identity: un- adjectives in- adjectives Derivation: Visual target bequem unbequem Control: tolerant Identity: stabil Derivation: instabil Control: ledig Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 bequem ('comfortable') stabil ('stable') 11

Experiment 2 Cross-Modal Priming Predictions No decomposition: Separate entries for derivational forms Ø Decomposition: reduced priming Repeated access to the same stem Ø full priming Dual-Mechanism hypothesis: Ø Ø full priming for un- adjectives reduced priming for in- adjectives Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 12

Experiment 2 Cross-Modal Priming Results • Full priming for un- forms Ø decomposed lexical representations • Reduced priming for in- forms Ø full-form lexical representations Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 13

Experiment 3 Masked Priming stabi l XXXXXX STABI L XXXXXX Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 500 msec 60 msec 14

Experiment 3 Masked Priming Masked primes Derivational form Identity: un- adjectives in- adjectives Derivation: Target bequem unbequem Control: tolerant Identity: stabil Derivation: instabil Control: ledig Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 bequem ('comfortable') stabil ('stable') 15

Experiment 3 Masked Priming Results • Full priming for un- forms Ø decomposed lexical representations • Reduced priming for in- forms Ø full-form lexical representations Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 16

Summary • Full-form frequency effects for all derivational forms Ø Full-form access representations for all derivational forms • Reduced priming for in- adjectives Ø Storage of derivational forms with limited productivity and transparency • Full priming for derived un- adjectives • Full priming for derived -ung nouns • Full priming for -chen diminutives Ø Decomposition of transparent and fully productive derivational forms Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 17

Conclusion full-form access representations, full-form lexical representations morphologically structured lexical representations Inflection: Irregulars Inflection: Subregulars Derivation: Forms with restricted phonological transparency and limited productivity Derivation: Forms with full phonological transparency and full productivity Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon, Banff, October 5 - 8 2002 18