Origins of the Cold War Formers Allies Clash

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Origins of the Cold War

Origins of the Cold War

Formers Allies Clash U. S. and Soviet Union become rival superpowers of the world

Formers Allies Clash U. S. and Soviet Union become rival superpowers of the world post WWII Based off different ambitions for their future after the war Communism vs. Capitalism Elections of competing political parties vs. Totalitarian gov’t Stalin realized U. S. tries to keep atomic bomb development a secret United Nations = symbol of world peace? FDR dies -> Truman becomes president (could he handle the power) Potsdam Conference -> U. S. , Great Britain, Soviet Union meet near Berlin Stalin not honoring Yalta conference talks -> not allowing free elections in Poland

Tensions Rise Truman wants free elections to help promote Democracy to nation’s who had

Tensions Rise Truman wants free elections to help promote Democracy to nation’s who had been under Nazi control (self-determination) Decided that Soviets, British, Americans, and French would get war reparations mainly from their occupation zones during the war Yalta Conference -> decided Soviet Union would get money from Germany U. S. also interested in European raw materials and free trade with Europe Soviets want to dominate Eastern Europe Felt they could eliminate future invasions from the West Installed communist gov’ts Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland (satellite nations) Stalin announced communism and capitalism were incompatible and states another war is inevitable

U. S. and Policy of Containment Policy of containment suggested Not allowing the extension

U. S. and Policy of Containment Policy of containment suggested Not allowing the extension of communist rule to other countries Split between Democratic West and Communist East in Europe becomes known as the “Iron Curtain”

Cold War Conflict between the U. S. and Soviet Union Neither contacted the other

Cold War Conflict between the U. S. and Soviet Union Neither contacted the other on a battlefield Truman Doctrine Britain supporting Greece and Turkey from Communist takeover Economy hurt by war so asked U. S. to pick up where it left off Truman decided to accept the challenge “it must be the policy of the united States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” Marshall Plan Secretary of State, George Marshall, proposes plan to help any European country in need of aid

Struggle of Germany U. S. and Soviets struggle of Germany’s reunification plan Britain, France,

Struggle of Germany U. S. and Soviets struggle of Germany’s reunification plan Britain, France, and U. S. decide to combine their 3 zones into one nation (Berlin) Did not guarantee access to Berlin to the Soviets by road or rail Soviets shut down all highway and rail routes to West Berlin leaving people with enough food to last only 5 weeks Resulted in the Berlin Airlift U. S. and British attempt at flying food/supplies into West Berlin Leads to formation of West Germany and East Germany NATO is born -> military alliance including Belgium, France, Denmark, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, U. S. , and Canada, Greece, Turkey, West Germany First time the U. S. enters peace-time alliance with another country

Cold War Heats Up

Cold War Heats Up

Communist China Chinese Communist led by Mao Zedong vs nationalist gov’t of Chiang Kai-shek

Communist China Chinese Communist led by Mao Zedong vs nationalist gov’t of Chiang Kai-shek U. S. supported nationalists and sent them $3 billion in aid Cons of Nationalists Inefficient and corrupt gov’t Grain tax collected during famine -> protests resulted in open fire Pros of Communists Worked to gain peasant support Helped improve food production People begin flocking to Communists’ Red Army

Renewed Civil War Civil war erupts again after Japanese leave China post-WWII 1944 -1947

Renewed Civil War Civil war erupts again after Japanese leave China post-WWII 1944 -1947 U. S. plays peacemaker Failed at peace making attempts (Truman refuses to send soldiers but did send $2 billion worth of military supplies) 1949 -> Chiang and other gov’t officials flee to Taiwan Communists now rule all of mainland China Establish People’s Republic of China (U. S. refuses to honor it as China’s true gov’t) Congress begins to attack Truman for sending limited resources Europe vs Asia?

The Korean War Post- WWII Japanese troops North of 38 th parallel surrendered to

The Korean War Post- WWII Japanese troops North of 38 th parallel surrendered to the Soviets, South surrendered to the Americans Two nations form -> one communist the other democratic North Korea becomes Democratic People’s Republic of Korea led by Kim Il Sung South Korea sets up shop in Seoul under Syngman Rhee Soviets decide to back N. Korea with military supplies to take over S. Korea (thinking the U. S. would not intervene) S. Korea ask the United Nations to help Soviet Union not there - protesting involvement of Nationalist China (Taiwan) Vote passes -> Truman responds by ordering troops to S. Korea and sending naval forces between Taiwan and China 520 k troops sent by UN (90% U. S. ) combining with 590 k S. Korean troops led by General Douglas Mc. Arthur

U. S. in Korea N. Korea very successful at first -> push UN +

U. S. in Korea N. Korea very successful at first -> push UN + S. Korea troops back into southeastern corner of Korean peninsula Mc. Arthur counterattacks -> amphibious attack behind enemy lines + troops moving north (push them back across 38 th parallel) Chinese troops begin helping N. Koreans (wanted N. Korea as buffer state) -> push UN + S. Koreans back into the South Mc. Arthur calls for extension of war into China + use of nuclear weapons Truman rejects this request (possible WWII) UN + S. Korea pushes back to the 38 th parallel

Reaching a Stalemate Mc. Arthur tries to go over Truman’s head Wrote to papers/magazines

Reaching a Stalemate Mc. Arthur tries to go over Truman’s head Wrote to papers/magazines and spoke secretly to Republicans Did so unsuccessfully Continued to criticize the President Truman fires Mc. Arthur Soviet Union suggests a cease-fire Agreed on 2 points Location of the cease-fire line Establishment of a demilitarized zone between the opposing sides July 1953 -> armistice signed ending the war

Cold War at Home

Cold War at Home

Fear of Communism Soviet domination of Eastern Europe + Communist takeover in China During

Fear of Communism Soviet domination of Eastern Europe + Communist takeover in China During WWII 100 k U. S. citizens claimed membership of the Communist Party Truman sets up the Federal Employee Loyalty Program + Loyalty Review Board Investigated government employees and dismiss those who were “disloyal” 3. 2 mil employees – 212 removed as security threat – 2, 900 resigned because they did not want to be investigated/violated their rights House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Began investigating communist influence in the movie industry “Hollywood Ten” were to be witnesses of these actions Refused to cooperate -> sent to prison Hollywood responds by creating blacklist Mc. Carran Act – unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the U. S.

Did You Say Spy? Alger Hiss Former Communist spy, Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss

Did You Say Spy? Alger Hiss Former Communist spy, Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of being a Soviet spy “Proved” this with produced microfilm from his typewriter Hiss was sent to jail for perjury (too many years passed for espionage) The Rosenbergs Sept 3, 1949 – U. S. learn the Soviets had exploded an atomic bomb 1950 – German physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted leaking info on the bomb Ethel and Julius Rosenberg incriminated for spying for the Soviet Union Denied charges and pleaded the 5 th amendment Sentenced to death and executed for espionage (first U. S. citizens in history)

Mc. Carthy’s “Witch Hunt” Joseph Mc. Carthy becomes most famous anti-Communist activist Began saying

Mc. Carthy’s “Witch Hunt” Joseph Mc. Carthy becomes most famous anti-Communist activist Began saying Communists were taking over the gov’t Made unsupported accusations -> became known as Mc. Carthyism Republicans sit back and watch thinking it would help them win the next election Mc. Carthy ends up making accusation against the U. S. army Cost him public support

Livin’ on the Edge

Livin’ on the Edge

Brinkmanship? Soviets get atomic bomb Truman decides to go bigger (H-bomb) Force of 1

Brinkmanship? Soviets get atomic bomb Truman decides to go bigger (H-bomb) Force of 1 million tons of TNT (67 x more powerful than bomb dropped on Hiroshima) Race to see who could develop the H-bomb first U. S. wins race but only for less than a year Dwight Eisenhower now President Secretary of State Dulles believes the Cold War was a moral crusade against Communism Prevent war by threatening use of all force necessary on any aggressor nation Pushes Eisenhower to brinkmanship -> edge of all-out war Fear of nuclear war became real for the next 30 years

Cold War Spreads U. S. begins to rely on newly formed Central Intelligence Agency

Cold War Spreads U. S. begins to rely on newly formed Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Gained intel and carry out covert operations to weaken/overthrow gov’ts unfriendly to U. S. One of first actions was in Middle East Iran’s Prime Minister placed oil fields under gov’t control U. S. gave money to pro-American supporters helping give them power back Warsaw Pact Stalin dies in 1953 and tensions begin to thaw Soviets recognize West Germany and gained peace treaties with Austria/Japan Soviets become fearful when W. Germany allowed to rearm and join NATO Created own “NATO” in the Warsaw Pact with 7 other Eastern European countries

 Summit in Geneva Eisenhower travels to Geneva, Switzerland to meet with Soviet leaders

Summit in Geneva Eisenhower travels to Geneva, Switzerland to meet with Soviet leaders “Open skies” proposal -> allow flight over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks (Soviet’s reject his offer) Suez War U. S. + Britain offers aid to Egypt to help construction of dam on Nile River Egypt’s head of gov’t tries to improve relations with both U. S. and Soviet Union to gain more aid U. S. withdraws offers -> Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal (owned by France and Great Britain) Also effected Israel -> did not allow ships to pass into Israel Responded by sending troops with France and Great Britain U. N. steps in to stop fighting leading to Egyptian control of canal

 Eisenhower Doctrine Counteracted Middle East’s honor to Soviet Union The U. S. would

Eisenhower Doctrine Counteracted Middle East’s honor to Soviet Union The U. S. would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country Hungarian Uprising Revolt begins in Hungary (against Soviets) Wanted a democratic gov’t Promise of free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact, and demanded Soviet troops leave Soviets send in tanks killing 30 k + Hungarians Replaced gov’t with Soviet leaders U. S. did nothing to help

Cold War Takes to the Skies Nikita Khrushchev takes power after Stalin’s death Soviets

Cold War Takes to the Skies Nikita Khrushchev takes power after Stalin’s death Soviets lead the way into the Space Race when they launched Sputnik Thought communism could take over the world peacefully Followed shortly by the U. S. launching their own satellite U. S. begins making secret flights over Soviet territory U 2 -> plane that could travel at high altitudes without detection One of the U 2 planes was shot down by a Soviet plane Khrushchev demanded apology Eisenhower agreed to stop flights but issued no apology