Microminerals Trace elements required in small amts Also

Microminerals Trace elements required in small amts. Also measured in mg’s per kg of body weight.

Iron (Fe) • Aids in activation of O 2 and O 2 transport (hemoglobin and myoglobin)

Iron Deficiency • • Anemia Rough hair coat Listlessness Decreased growth

Iron Excess • • Anorexia Decreased serum albumin concentrations Hepatic dysfunction What does hepatic mean?

Zinc (Zn) • Activator of 200 known enzymes including protein synthesis and carb metabolism, skin and wound healing, immune response, fetal development, and growth rate.

Zinc Deficiency • • • Anorexia Alopecia Impaired reproduction Vomiting Hair depigmentation Conjunctivitis

Zinc Excess • Relatively non-toxic, there are reported cases of toxicity due to consumption of pennies.

Copper (Cu) • Catalyst of hemoglobin formation , cardiac function, cellular respiration, connective tissue development, pigmentation, bone formation, myelin formation, immune function. Copper mineral water

Copper Deficiency • • • Anemia Decreased growth Hair depigmentation Bone lesions Aortic rupture Reproductive failure

Copper Excess • Hepatitis and increased liver enzyme activity.

Manganese (Mn) • Activation of enzyme, lipid, and carb metabolism, bone development, reproduction and cell membrane integrity.

Manganese Deficiency • Decreased growth (rare in cats and dogs) • Impaired reproduction

Manganese Excess • Relatively non-toxic

Selenium (Se) • Immune function, interacts with vitamins E to help prevent cellular damage.

Selenium Deficiency • • Muscular dystrophy Reproductive failure Subcutaneous edema Renal mineralization

Selenium Excess • • Vomiting spasms Staggered gait Salivation Decreased appetite Dyspnea “Garlicky breath” Nail loss

Iodine (I) • Aids in thyroid production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Iodine Deficiency • • Goiter Fetal resorption Rough hair coat Enlarged thyroid glands Alopecia Apathy Myxoedema (A mucinous degeneration with thickening of the skin-hypothyroidism) • Lethargy

Iodine Excess • Similar to deficiency

Macro and micro-minerals • Both can interact with each other as either antagonists or synergists. • Even the marginal deficiency of one mineral can decrease or alter the efficacy of another!

Antagonist • These reactions are defined as the presence of one mineral reducing the transport or efficacy of another. • So in other words, one is acting against the other. • Most mineral reactions are antagonistic and can occur during processing, digestion, storage, or transport.

Synergists • Two minerals reacting in a complimentary fashion by either enhancing biologic function or sparing the other mineral. • These guys work together for a good cause.