MANIFEST DESTINY 316 Manifest Destiny 1845 John L

• MANIFEST DESTINY: (316) – Manifest Destiny: 1845, John L. O’Sullivan, a magazine editor, coined the phrase MANIFEST DESTINY – Manifest Destiny – God intended the United States to expand westward – O’Sullivan argued that the United States should extend its western boundary all the way to the Pacific Ocean

• MANIFEST DESTINY: (316) – The idea of manifest destiny appealed to many Americans • Northerners troubled by economic problems and urban crowding hoped that western expansion would lessen population pressures and create new markets for industrial products • Southerners wanted western lands for increased cotton production

• MANIFEST DESTINY: (316) – Not all Americans supported manifest destiny. – Some objected to expansion because many western lands were already claimed by other nations – Others feared that expansion would make the United States too large to govern effectively

• MEXICAN TEXAS: (317 -318) – The growing presence of U. S. settlers in foreign territory was particularly visible in Texas. This immigration increased significantly after Mexico won it’s independence from Spain in 1821 – Mexican officials wanted to boost the non-American Indian population of Texas. To do this, they offered extremely cheap land freedom from taxation to U. S. citizens who agreed to settle in the territory

• MEXICAN TEXAS: (317 -318) – Mexican officials feared that the United States, which had twice tried to purchase Texas, would one day take the territory by force – The few thousand Tejanos – native Mexicans who lived in Texas – stood little chance of blocking an invasion – If Mexico could recruit enough U. S. settlers and turn them into loyal Mexican citizens, the country might be able to build a defensive force large enough to prevent a U. S. invasion

• MEXICAN TEXAS: (317 -318) – To reduce the cultural influence of U. S. settlers in Mexico, the Mexican government also tried to recruit settlers from other foreign countries. – It also did not offer land to every person who wanted it. Rather, it gave generous land grants to empresarios, people who agreed to recruit and take responsibility for new settlers. – These empresarios attracted thousands of people to Texas during the 1820 s – Stephen F. Austin established a colony on the Gulf Coast of Texas in 1821

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318 -320) – By 1830 non-Mexicans in Texas outnumbered Tejanos, native Mexicans who lived in Texas, by out 2 to 1 – Most of the new arrivals made little effort to learn Spanish or adapt to Mexican culture – Although required to become Catholic, most privately continued to practice their own faith

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318320) – Fearing a rebellion in Texas as well as a U. S. invasion, Mexico closed the Texas border to additional immigration from the United States in 1830 – The Mexican government also prohibited the importation of slaves to Texas – ALL THESE MEASURES DID LITTLE TO SLOW IMMIGRATION. • By 1835 about 30, 000 U. S. settlers, including some 3, 000 slaves, lived in Texas. Many had entered illegally

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318320) – Trouble Brews: (318 -319) • U. S. immigrants to Texas deeply resented the 1830 measures. • Slaveholders feared that Mexican authorities would soon restrict the practice of slavery – Although Mexican legislature had banned slavery, Texans had negotiated a special law that classified their slaves as indentured servants – Many Texans feared that the cotton industry would collapse if the government overturned the law

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318320) – Trouble Brews: (318 -319) • Tensions grew worse in 1833. After being elected president, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna established dictatorial control over the Mexican government • This angered residents of many Mexican territories, including Texans • Mexican authorities jailed Stephen F. Austin, who had gone to Mexico City hoping to resolve Texans’ conflict with Mexican authorities peacefully.

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318320) – Trouble Brews: (318 -319) • By the time Stephen F. Austin was released from jail in 1834, he had given up hope of a peaceful settlement. He said, “War is our only recourse [option], ” he advised his fellow Texans. • Outraged US settlers and Tejanos rose up in revolt the following year. • Isolated clashes with the Mexican military quickly grew into a fullscale rebellion known as the Texas Revolution

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318 -320) – The Alamo and Goliad: (319 -320) • Alamo: a mission-fort built by the Spanish, at least 189 Texas rebels led by William Travis and Jim Bowie fought off repeated attacks by Santa Anna’s, leader of Mexican troops, army • On March 6, 1835, Mexican troops finally overran the fort, killing all of the Texas rebel fighters.

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318 -320) – The Alamo and Goliad: (319 -320) • Alamo: – Susanna Dickinson, a released civilian, had her husband had been killed in the fighting. – Dickinson’s account of the final days of the Alamo became widely known throughout Texas. She claimed that at one point William Travis had drawn a land in the sand saying that if wanted they could cross over and not fight. According to legend, all stayed – The story added to the status of the Alamo defenders and spurred other Texans to support the cause of independence

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318 -320) – The Alamo and Goliad: (319320) • Goliad: After Mexican troops defeated a rebel army near Goliad, some 400 surviving Texans surrendered. • General Santa Anna, of the Mexican Army, ordered that the prisoners be executed: • Francita Alavez, a wife of a Mexican officer, saved some Texans by hiding them from Mexican soldiers. She became known as the “Angel of Goliad. ”

• BOTH THE ALAMO AND GOLIAD FURTHER FUELED ANTI-MEXICAN FEELINGS

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318 -320) – Victory at San Jacinto: (320) • Even though the Texans declared their independence from Mexico on March 2, 1835, the Texan army was badly shaken by the defeats at the Alamo and Goliad • Led my Sam Houston, commander of the Texas army, a force of approximately 900 rebels surprised Santa Anna and his troops. • The Mexican soldiers were taking an after-noon nap near the San Jacinto River. They were shouting “Remember the Alamo!” and “Remember Goliad!” • The Texans tore through the Mexican lines, killing some 630 Mexican troops and taking Santa Anna prisoner in the Battle of San Jacinto

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318 -320) – Victory at San Jacinto: (320) • With his army weakened and supplies low, Santa Anna signed a treaty granting Texas its independence • A short time later in 1836, Texans elected San Houston as the first president of the independent Republic of Texas • The Mexican government refused to recognize the Republic of Texas arguing that Santa Anna was forced to sign the San Jacinto agreement illegally.

• LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS: (320 -322) – Texas petitioned the U. S. Congress for annexation in 1837. However, northern opposition to admitting another slave state as well as a cautious foreign policy toward Mexico prevented Texas from being accepted into the Union immediately – From 1835 -1845 Texas existed as an independent republic. THAT IS WHY TEXAS IS KNOWN AS THE LONE STAR STATE

• LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS: (320322) – French and German Immigration: (320321) • One of the Republic’s first tasks was to increase its population – Henri Castro, a French banker of Portuguese descent, was granted an empresario, land grant, in central Texas by the Texas government. Two years later Castro brought 35 French colonists – many of them from the German-speaking region of Alsace in France – Over the next few years more than 7, 000 German immigrants cane to live in what they called the “Paradise of North America. ” – MANY GERMANS SETTLED IN TEXAS

• LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS: (320 -322) – Discrimination against Tejanos: (321) • Tejanos: Native Mexicans who lived in Texas • The Tejanos did not do as well as the German settlers in the Lone Star Republic. • After Texas achieved the Tejanos became victims of violence and discrimination. • Many of their lands and property were seized by white Texans; some were even kicked-out of the country • Juan Seguin, a leading Tejano figure in the Texas Revolution, helped the Texans against the Mexicans in the Battle for the Alamo. • Even though he fought with the Texans he faced discrimination because he was a Tejanos.

• LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS: (320 -322) – The Economy and Defense (322)