Madeleine M Leininger Laura Maclam RN CCEMTP Christy

Madeleine M. Leininger Laura Maclam RN CCEMTP Christy Tack RN Ferris State University

Introduction The theory of Dr. Madeleine M. Leininger is designed around the idea to discover, document, analyze and identify the cultural and care factors influencing human beings in health, sickness and dying and to advance and improve nursing practice. (Parker, 2006)

Maybe conclusion slide? The goal’s of this theory is to use research based knowledge in order to provide culturally congruent, safe and beneficial care to people of diverse or similar cultures for their health and well being or meaningful dying. (Parker, 2006)

Motivation • During post World War II many new immigrants and refugees were coming to America and this country was becoming more multicultural. • Medicine was focused on new medicine technology and studying biomedical diagnosis's.

Motivation • Madeline Leininger was a nurse working in a child guidance home with many different cultures. She recognized the behaviors, needs, expectations and responses of these children were different from what she had encountered before. • The reality of this was a culture shock to her and she did not feel prepared to care for these children's needs.

Knowledge • Madeleine Leininger was experienced in psychiatric nursing and general nursing. • She received her doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Washington with the goal of learning more about different cultures.

Philosophy • Humans need human care from birth to death. Human growth, development, and survival depend on it. • All nurses will need transcultural knowledge and practices to function with people of diverse cultures. • Prior to Dr. Leininger’s work, no theories explicitly focused on care and culture in nursing.

Four Global Concepts • Human Being Humans need care and caring to survive from birth to old age, when ill and well. Nevertheless, care needs to be specific and appropriate to all cultures.

Four Global Concepts • Environment The definition used in this philosophy about environment is very broad. It includes events, situations and experiences. It is inclusive of kinship, social factors, religion and spiritual factors. Political and technological factors are mentioned and education, economic and the totality of one’s geographic or ecological living area are included.

Four Global Concepts • Health Referred to as a state of well being and is culturally defined, valued and practiced to reflect the ability of an individual to perform their daily roles and activities in culturally beneficial and patterned ways.

Four Global Concepts • Nursing Care giver and care receiver expectations need to be understood in order to provide beneficial, satisfying and congruent care. Therapeutic nursing can only occur when client culture values, expressions, and /or practices are known and acknowledged.

Four Global Concepts • How Do They Relate? • I am working on this slide