Linux System Administration and Configuration Module Number 01
Linux System Administration and Configuration Module Number: 01 Module Name: Introduction to Linux
Open source licensing Ø Open source refers to a program or software in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design free of charge. Ø An open-source license is a type of license for computer software and other products that allows the source code, blueprint or design to be used, modified and/or shared under defined terms and conditions. Ø Open-source licensed software is mostly available free of cost, though this does not necessarily have to be free of cost. Ø Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. Some other popular open source operating systems are: • Open. Solaris • Android • Chrome OS • Free. BSD, etc. 2
LINUX Ø Linux is an open source operating system that can be distributed freely. Ø Linux is a Unix based operating system also known as a clone of Unix. Ø Linux was developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish graduate student. Ø It is also a cross platform operating system which can be used on desktops, laptops smart mobiles and tablets, interactive game consoles and all other types of computers. Ø Linux provides a complete development environment. Ø Linux is a complete operating system: • Stable - the crash of an application is less likely to bring down the OS under Linux. • Reliable - Linux servers are often up for hundreds of days compared with the regular reboots required with a Windows system. • Extremely powerful. 3
History of Linux Ø The history of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student Linus Torvalds to create a new free operating system kernel. Ø Since then, the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Ø Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4. 15 version in 2018 with more than 23. 3 million lines of source code without comments under the GNU General Public License v 2. 4
History of Linux: Summarized Year Milestone 1991 First Linux code was released. 1992 Linus licenses Linux under GPL, a wise decision made which led to its success. 1993 Slackware takes up Linux distribution. 1996 Penguin was chosen as Linux MASCOT 1998 Platform support for Linux was given by Tech Gians. 1999 Red hat went public. 2003 IBM recognized Linux in superbow. 2005 Linux as cover story in Business Week. 2007 To standardize Linux, Linux foundation was created. 2010 Linux based Android operating system conquered the smart phone market in US. 2011 Linux turned 20 as the world leader. 5
UNIX Ø UNIX is a computer operating system. Ø UNIX is a multiuser system because multiple people can use a UNIX computer at the same time. Ø UNIX is called multitasking as any of its users can run multiple programs at the same time. Ø It is developed in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell Labs by: • Ken Thompson (Unix) • Dennis Ritchie (C) • Douglas Mcllroy (Pipes - Do one thing, do it well) Ø Some variants: System V, Solaris, SCO Unix, Sun. OS, 4. 4 BSD, Free. BSD, Net. BSD, Open. BSD, BSDI 6
Unix vs Linux LINUX UNIX The Source Code of Linux is freely available to its users. The Source Code of Unix is not available for the general users. Linux primarily uses Graphical User Interface with an optional Command Line Interface. Unix primarily uses Command Line Interface. Linux OS is portable. Unix is not portable. Linux is very flexible and can be installed on most of the home based PCs. Unix has a rigid requirement of the Hardware. Hence, cannot be installed on every other machine. Linux is mainly used in Home Based PC, Mobile Unix is mainly used in Server Systems, Mainframes Phones, Desktops, etc. and High End Computers. 7
Unix vs Linux Continued LINUX UNIX Different Versions of Linux are: Ubuntu, Debian, Different Versions of Unix are: AIS, HP-UX, BSD, Open. Suse, Redhat, Solaris, etc. Iris, etc. Linux installation is economical and does not require much specific and high end hardware. Unix installation is comparatively costlier as it requires more specific hardware circuitry. The filesystems supported by Linux are as follows: xfs, ramfs, nfs, vfat, cramfsm ext 3, ext 4, ext 2, ext 1, ufs, autofs, devpts, ntfs The filesystems supported by Unix are as follows: zfs, js, hfx, gps, xfs, vxfs. Linux is developed by an active Linux Community worldwide. Unix is developed by AT&T Developers. 8
Flavours of Linux comes in many different guises. The basic system is the same, but the look and feel and the subsystems around it are different. Each version is produced by a different organization with it's own ethos and aims. The result is a unique version of Linux which is aimed at a slightly different set of users. 9
Benefits and characteristics of Linux 1. Free: The best benefit of using Linux is that, it can be downloaded from the web easily. 2. Open Source: Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. 3. Virus Free: Viruses are usually developed for the Windows OS. Most viruses are developed through Active X, which is usually not found in Linux. 4. Can be installed easily: Linux can be installed on any kind of hardware. 5. Variety of Distros: Distros are software packages which are used to for distribution purpose and can be used to load different features and verities on the computer. 6. Stable: Linux OS are quite stable. Computer will not freeze up as other computers do. 10
(Continued) Benefits and characteristics of Linux 7. Free to Do What you Like: Linux is an open source system. 8. Flexibility: The fact that Linux allows a developer or user to make various changes to the OS, it becomes especially flexible for the user to do things. 9. Network Support: Linux was developed by a group of developers over the internet. 10. Security: Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data. 11. Multi-User: Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ RAM/ application programs at same time. 12. Multiprogramming: Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time. 11
Introduction to Linux Self Assessment Question 7. Linux is a ____________ Operating System. a. Clone of Unix. b. Microsoft Windows c. IOS d. All of the Above Answer: Clone of Unix 12
Introduction to Linux Self Assessment Question 8. Who is the founder of FOSS? a. Richard Stallman b. Chareles Babbage. c. Linous Torvald Answer: Richard Stallman 13
Introduction to Linux Self Assessment Question 9. Which one of the given licensing is used by Open Source Software? a) GNU GPL b) Open Licensing c) MS Licensing d) All of the Above Answer: GNU GPL 14
Introduction to Linux Self Assessment Question 10. Who is the founder of Linux Kernel? a. Linous Torvald b. Bill Gates c. Tom Thompson Answer: Linous Torvald 15
Introduction to Linux Self Assessment Question 11. Which one of the given options is the actual name of Linux? a. GNU Linux b. Unix Linux c. FOSS Linux d. All of the Above Answer: GNU Linux 16
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