Lecture 3 Characteristics of Medical Terms Characteristics of

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Lecture 3 Characteristics of Medical Terms

Lecture 3 Characteristics of Medical Terms

Characteristics of Medical Terms v Pronunciation of Medical terms v Plural Forms of Medical

Characteristics of Medical Terms v Pronunciation of Medical terms v Plural Forms of Medical Terms v Synonymous Phenomenon Medical Terms of

Pronunciation of Medical terms v v v medical terms difficult to pronounce partly attributed

Pronunciation of Medical terms v v v medical terms difficult to pronounce partly attributed to the large number of borrowed words e. g. cholecystectomy [7 k. Clisis 5 tekt. Emi, 7 k Euli-]

Pronunciation of Vowels v. Pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables v. Pronunciation of vowels

Pronunciation of Vowels v. Pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables v. Pronunciation of vowels in unstressed syllables

pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables vowel pronunciation open syllable pronunciation example closed syllable

pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables vowel pronunciation open syllable pronunciation example closed syllable pronunciation example a /e. I / face /fe. Is/ /A/ abdomen/`Ab Em. E n/ e /i: / gene / i: n/ /e/ vessel /`ves. El/ i /a. I/ spine /spa. In/ /i/ skin /skin/ o /EJ/ nose /n. EJz/ /C/ bronchus/`br. CNk. E s/ /Q/ lung /l. QN/ u / immune/i`mj ju: / u: n/ /u: / flu /flu: /

pronunciation of vowels in unstressed syllables a, o, u : /E/ y : /i/

pronunciation of vowels in unstressed syllables a, o, u : /E/ y : /i/ /E/ or /i/ i, v aci /`Asi / immunity /im`ju: niti/ colony /`k. Cl. Eni/, e:

Pronunciation of Some Individual letters v c: [k] before a, o, u, cardiac [5

Pronunciation of Some Individual letters v c: [k] before a, o, u, cardiac [5 k. B: i. Ak] carcinoma [7 k. B: si 5 n. Eum. E] leucocyte [5 lju: k. E 7 sait]

Pronunciation of Some Individual letters v c: [s] before e, i, y paracentesis [7

Pronunciation of Some Individual letters v c: [s] before e, i, y paracentesis [7 p. Ar. Es. En 5 ti: sis]穿刺术 placenta [pl. E 5 sent. E ] pregnancy[5 pre^n. Ensi] emergency

Pronunciation of Some Individual letters vg :[g] before a, o, u gastral [`^Astr. El]

Pronunciation of Some Individual letters vg :[g] before a, o, u gastral [`^Astr. El] antagonism [An 5 t. A^Eniz. Em] 对抗 作用 anticoagulant [5 Antik. Eu 5 A^jul. Ent] 抗凝(血) 剂

Pronunciation of Some Individual letters v g : [ ] before e, i, y

Pronunciation of Some Individual letters v g : [ ] before e, i, y emergency analgesia [7 An. Al 5 i: zj. E] 痛 觉缺失

v Initial Pronunciation of Some Individual letters x : [z] xacorin [5 z. Ak.

v Initial Pronunciation of Some Individual letters x : [z] xacorin [5 z. Ak. Erin ]茶碱胆碱 xanthocyanopsia [7 z. An. WEu 7 sai. E 5 n. Cpsi. E] 红绿色盲, 黄蓝视症 v in other places: [ks] anthrax [5 An. Wr. Aks] 炭疽热 axilla [Ak 5 sil. E] (掖窝)

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations v ch, ph and rh are three consonant combinations.

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations v ch, ph and rh are three consonant combinations. They appear in a word as a unit and their pronunciations seem to have nothing to do with individual constant.

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations v ch : [t. F] choke chest

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations v ch : [t. F] choke chest

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations ch : [k] stomach chromosome[5 kr. Eum. Es. Eum]

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations ch : [k] stomach chromosome[5 kr. Eum. Es. Eum] 染色体 cholecystectomy [7 k. Clisis 5 tekt. Emi, 7 k. Euli -] 胆囊切除术 v ch or both catechin [5 k. Atit. Fin, -kin]儿茶 酚. v

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations v ph usually [f] pheromone [5 fer. Em. Eun]信息素

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations v ph usually [f] pheromone [5 fer. Em. Eun]信息素 pheron [ 5 fer. Cn ] 酶蛋白 phase

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations v rh [r] rhabdomyolysis[9 r. Ab EJma. I`EJ l.

Pronunciation of Some Consonant combinations v rh [r] rhabdomyolysis[9 r. Ab EJma. I`EJ l. Is] 横纹肌溶解 rhabdovirus[`r. Ab EJ 9 va. IEr. Es, 9 r. Ab EJ`v-]棒状病毒, rhinal [ 5 rainl ] rhinitis [ rai 5 naitis ]

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v At the beginning of a word, the first

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v At the beginning of a word, the first consonant of double constants, including cn, gn, mn, ps, and pt, is silent. However, the two consonants are pronounced if the pair appear in the middle of a word.

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v Initial cn : [n] cnidoblast [`na. I

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v Initial cn : [n] cnidoblast [`na. I EJbl. B: st] 刺细胞 cn in the middle: [kn] gastrocnemius [7^Astr. Ck 5 ni: mi. Es] 腓肠 肌

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v gn : [n] gnarl 节,瘤 gnathal [ 5

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v gn : [n] gnarl 节,瘤 gnathal [ 5 n. AWEl ] 颚的, 颌的 v but in the middle of a word : [^n] prognosis [pr. C^5 n. Eusis ]

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v mn : [n] mneme [`ni: m. I]记忆力

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v mn : [n] mneme [`ni: m. I]记忆力 in the middle of a word : [mn] amnesia [Am 5 ni: zj. E]. 健忘症

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v pn :[n] pneodynamics [7 ni: Eu 7

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v pn :[n] pneodynamics [7 ni: Eu 7 ai 5 n. Amiks] 呼 吸动力学 pneumonia in the middle of a word :[pn] apnea [Ap 5 ni: E]

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v ps :[s] psicaine [ 5 saikein ]

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v ps :[s] psicaine [ 5 saikein ] 赛卡因, psychalgia [ 7 sai 5 k. Al i. E ] 精神性痛 pseudo 假的 in the middle of a word :[ps] apselaphesia [ 7 Apsel. E 5 fi: zi. E] 触觉缺失.

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v pt :[t] ptyalin [ 5 tai. Elin

Pronunciation of Some Double Consonants v v pt :[t] ptyalin [ 5 tai. Elin ] 唾液淀粉酶 ptoma [ 5 t. Eum. E ]尸体 ptomatopsy [ 7 t. Eum. E 5 t. Cpsi ] 尸体剖 检 [pt] hemoptysis[hi 5 m. Cptisis] 咳血, 咯血.

Pronunciation of Some Rules of stressed syllables Monosyllabic words automatically take stress v For

Pronunciation of Some Rules of stressed syllables Monosyllabic words automatically take stress v For most disyllable nouns, stress is on the first syllables e. g. caput [`keipət] phosphate[`fɔsfeit] v For the polysyllables, main stress falls on the antepenultimate (the 3 rd syllable of a word counting back from the end) syllable e. g. pathogenesis [7 pæWə`dʒenisis] metabolism [mə`tæbəlism] paralysis [pə`rælisis] v

Pronunciation of Some Rules of stressed syllables v Exceptions: main stress falls on the

Pronunciation of Some Rules of stressed syllables v Exceptions: main stress falls on the penultimate (the 2 nd syllable of a word counting back from the end) syllable if (1) it has a long vowel and a diphthong e. g. magnesium [mæɡ`ni: zjəm] epidermis[7 epi`də: mis] (2) it is closed by a consonant (including x [ks]) e. g. eclamptism [ek`læmptism] bacillus [bə`siləs]

Plural Forms of Medical Terms v invariably singular, especially nouns denoting diseases, even though

Plural Forms of Medical Terms v invariably singular, especially nouns denoting diseases, even though some of them end with –s such as hemophilia arrhythmia adenitis appendicitis arthritis bronchitis diabetes hepatitis measles mumps rickets shingles

The Plural forms of some medical words v Some medical words may have only

The Plural forms of some medical words v Some medical words may have only the irregular plural forms, for example, bacillus → bacilli, ovum → ova, some may have only the regular forms, for example, virus → viruses, antibody → antibodies, electron→ electrons. Some medical words may have both the regular plural forms and the irregular peural forms, for example, vertebra → vertebras and vertebrae, apex → apexes and apices, matrix → matrixes and matrices, sarcoma → sarcomas and sarcomata, glottis → glottises and glottides, thorax → thoraxes and thoraces. The irregular forms are generally used in formal style, while the regular ones are frequently used in daily medical English, especially in spoken English.

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms v v v different origins Old English, Latin, Greek,

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms v v v different origins Old English, Latin, Greek, French and other languages One result: different elements, or even words are used to refer to the same concept, thing or idea. Overlapping in reference is very common in medical terminology.

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms

Synonymous Phenomenon of Medical Terms

v 一词多式(常见的是一词三式) Referent English Latin root Greek root of the body parts 体 body

v 一词多式(常见的是一词三式) Referent English Latin root Greek root of the body parts 体 body corporo- somato- -some 头 head capito- cephalo- 心 heart cordi- cardio- 手 hand mano-/manu- cheiro- 手指 finger digito- dactylo 血管 vessel vaso- angio- 静脉 vein veno- phlebo- 鼻子 nose naso- rhino- 胸 chest pecto- thoraco- 腹 belly abdomino- ventro- 脑 brain cebebro- encephalo-

Different spellings for some roots: A caryocolpocytoleucocrypto- B karyokolpokytoleukokrypto- hemoesthesio- haemoaesthesio- cheirocleido- chiroclido-

Different spellings for some roots: A caryocolpocytoleucocrypto- B karyokolpokytoleukokrypto- hemoesthesio- haemoaesthesio- cheirocleido- chiroclido-

Change of spelling Former Spelling Present Spelling appendicectomy appendectomy antiacid antacid urinanalysis urinalysis conlapse

Change of spelling Former Spelling Present Spelling appendicectomy appendectomy antiacid antacid urinanalysis urinalysis conlapse collapse inmiscible immiscible synbiosis symbiosis