Influence of varying video length conditions on attention

Influence of varying video length conditions on attention span Alan Rodriguez Tiburcio, Senior year undergraduate Portland State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Student Research Symposium

Outline ● ● ● Leading questions Theoretical framework Dependent variable (DV) Measures Experimental procedure Data analysis & interpretations (simulated data) Design improvements

Leading Questions How do the varying forms of video content influence our attention span? Does the viewing of shorter video content influence our attention in a manner significantly different from longer content?

Model of Attention Task-specific and Spatial-scale Control, TASC (Wilder et al. , 2019) ● Shared mechanism between exogenous & endogenous ○ Dependent on two dimensions: task specificity and spatial scale e. g. , search for a specific object Experimental focus: Featured-based endogenous attention ● Voluntary, searching ● d 2 Test of Attention e. g. , exploration in absence of specified goal Exogenous attention ● Reflexive, unspecified goal ● Posner Paradigm

DV: Operationalizing Endogenous Attention d 2 Test of Attention (Sinha et al. , 2018) ● A cancellation test ○ ○ Similar stimuli presented at the same time 14 back-to-back trials (a) Eliminate every target character “d” + two dashes either above or below (b) Ignore non-target characters Participants scored based on error rate as a percentage Example:

DV: Operationalizing Exogenous Attention Posner Paradigm (Posner, 1980; Hayward & Ristic, 2013) ● Spatial cueing assessment ○ ● Evaluates participant’s ability to shift attention Computer-based ○ Response is pressing left or right key 1. Participants focus on fixation point 2. Attention cue 1. Random 2. Followed by time delay (cue-target interval) 3. “X” appears in either box, 300 -500 ms later 1. Cued box (valid), uncued box (invalid) 2. Remains until response or 1500 ms 3. Completing one trial (total of 100) Participants scored by average reaction time (RT) Both valid and invalid RT

IV: Video length conditions (VLC) Environment: 30 minutes, constant video watching simulating social network site (SNS) usage Brief: shortest, Tik. Tok simulation ● less than 30 seconds ● five to ten minutes ● thirty minutes Intermedial: mid-length, Twitter/Reddit simulation Protracted: longest, You. Tube/streaming simulation Hypothesis: being in a shorter VLC will positively relate to reduced attention in our measures, (higher RT, d 2 Error rate)

Between-subject design Pretest Scoring Exogenous (reflexive) attention ● Posner Reaction Time MANCOVA Independent Variable Video Length Condition (VLC) Brief (n=29) 30 seconds Dependent Variables Exogenous (reflexive) attention ● Posner Reaction Time Intermedial (n=30) 5 -10 minutes Endogenous (voluntary) attention ● d 2 Error Rate Protracted (n=33) 30 minutes IV did not significantly relate to pretest ● Ponser, F(2, 89) = 1. 132, p =. 327 ● D 2, F(2, 89) = 0. 309, p =. 735 IV influenced attention Pretest and posttest scores significantly different ● Exogenous attention, t(91) = -11. 94, p <. 001 ● Endogenous attention, t(91) = -11. 93, p <. 001 Endogenous (voluntary) attention ● d 2 Error Rate Data simulated for the purposes of the presentation.

MANCOVA: Testing Assumption Independent Random Sampling : Yes Categorical IV and Continuous DV: Absence of multicollinearity: Multivariate normality: Homogeneity of Variance: Yes (Pearson’s R =. 37) Yes (Shapiro-Wilk test, ps>. 05) Yes (Levene’s test, Fs<1, ps>. 05)

MANCOVA: Results Significant influence based on VLC, account for covariates Using Wilke’s Lambda test F(4, 172) = 44. 005, p<. 001 reject null hypothesis Multivariate Tests: VLC Df Test Stat F value num Df Den Df Pr(>F) Pillai 2 0. 7829 28. 625 4 174 <. 001 Wilke’s 2 0. 2499 44. 005 4 172 <. 001 Hotelling-Lawley 2 2. 8689 62. 399 4 170 <. 001 Roy 2 2. 2822 125. 595 2 87 <. 001

Univariate ANCOVAs VLC on endogenous attention, F(2, 88) = 227. 72, p <. 001 Response d 2 Error Rate (%) Df Sum of Squares F value Pr(>F) (Intercept) 1 24. 490 251. 66 <. 001 d 2 Covariate 1 51. 560 103. 03 <. 001 VLC 2 11. 620 227. 72 <. 001 88 9. 962 Df Sum of Squares F value Pr(>F) (Intercept) 1 18572 194. 58 <. 001 Posner Covariate 1 308936 3236. 64 <. 001 VLC 2 140857 737. 86 <. 001 88 8400 Residuals Response VLC on exogenous attention, F(2, 88) =737. 86, p <. 001 Residuals Posner Reaction Time

Post-hoc Tukey HSD Adjusted means to account for covariate All conditions were statistically significant d 2 Error Rate Estimate SE t value p Intermedial-Brief -0. 738 0. 0878 -8. 409 <. 001 Protracted-Brief -1. 810 0. 086 -21. 134 <. 001 0. 0852 -12. 594 <. 001 Estimate SE t value p Intermedial-Brief -54. 957 2. 554 -21. 52 <. 001 Protracted-Brief -95. 581 2. 492 -38. 35 <. 001 Protracted-Intermediate -40. 624 2. 496 -16. 28 <. 001 Protracted-Intermediate -1. 072 Posner Paradigm RT

Discussion After thirty minutes of video consumption: Relative to the protracted condition ● Brief and intermedial videos reduced exogenous and endogenous attention Relative to intermediate condition ● Brief videos reduced exogenous and endogenous attention Being in a shorter VLC positively related to more decreased attention as measured by higher scores (error rate + RT)

Design Improvements VLC as continuous variable Specialized content Measurement Output

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