HISTORY APPROACHES Chapter 1 What is Psychology PSYCHOLOGY

  • Slides: 21
Download presentation
HISTORY & APPROACHES Chapter 1: What is Psychology?

HISTORY & APPROACHES Chapter 1: What is Psychology?

PSYCHOLOGY • The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 1. Science: The use

PSYCHOLOGY • The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 1. Science: The use of systematic methods to observe the natural world and to draw conclusions. ***Used to describe, predict, and explain behavior*** 2. Behavior: Everything we do that can be directly observed. 3. Mental processes: The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly.

THINKING LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST • Critical thinking • Skepticism • Objectivity • Empirical Method:

THINKING LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST • Critical thinking • Skepticism • Objectivity • Empirical Method: Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning. • Curiosity

HISTORY • Philosophy + Physiology = Psychology • Philosophy and Physiology are the intellectual

HISTORY • Philosophy + Physiology = Psychology • Philosophy and Physiology are the intellectual parents of Psychology • Philosophy: The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. • Physiology: The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. • Both explore the mind and body connection

WILHELM WUNDT (1832 -1920) • German physician, philosopher, and professor • University of Leipzig

WILHELM WUNDT (1832 -1920) • German physician, philosopher, and professor • University of Leipzig • Father of Psychology • Established psychology as an independent academic discipline in 1879 • Established the 1 st psychology laboratory in 1879 • Established the 1 st psychology journal in 1881

WILLIAM JAMES (1842 -1910) • American physician, philosopher, and professor • Harvard University •

WILLIAM JAMES (1842 -1910) • American physician, philosopher, and professor • Harvard University • Father of American Psychology • Established one of the first psychology laboratories in America • “Stream of consciousness”: The natural continuous flow of thoughts. ***Psychology was born in Germany but grew up in America***

G. STANLEY HALL (1846 -1924) • American psychologist and professor • 1 st person

G. STANLEY HALL (1846 -1924) • American psychologist and professor • 1 st person to receive a Ph. D. in Psychology from Harvard University in 1878 • Established the 1 st psychology laboratory in America at Johns Hopkins University in 1883 • Established the 1 st psychology journal in America in 1887 • Helped establish the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892 • Became the 1 st president of the APA in 1892

IMPORTANT WOMEN Mary Whiton Calkins • (1863 -1930) • Studied under William James •

IMPORTANT WOMEN Mary Whiton Calkins • (1863 -1930) • Studied under William James • Harvard University refused to give her a Ph. D. • Became the 1 st women president of the APA in 1905 Margaret Floy Washburn • (1871 -1939) • Studied under Edward Titchener • 1 st women to receive a Ph. D. in Psychology from Cornell University in 1894 • Became the 2 nd women president of the APA in 1921

EARLY SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY 1. Structuralism 2. Functionalism • Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener

EARLY SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY 1. Structuralism 2. Functionalism • Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener • William James • WHAT • WHY • What is the mind? • What is the mind for? • Rigid/static view of the mind • Flexible/fluid view of the mind • Focuses on the elements, components, parts, or structures of consciousness • Focuses on the purpose, adaptive nature, or function of consciousness (AND behavior) • Introspection: The careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience. • Influenced by Charles Darwin’s principle of natural selection

APPROACHES • The different theoretical perspectives that underlie explanations of behavior. 1. 2. 3.

APPROACHES • The different theoretical perspectives that underlie explanations of behavior. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive Biological/Physiological Sociocultural Evolutionary Biopsychosocial

PSYCHOANALYTIC/ PSYCHODYNAMIC • An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological

PSYCHOANALYTIC/ PSYCHODYNAMIC • An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences. • Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939) • 1900 s • Focuses on the unconscious, sex, aggression, early childhood conflicts

BEHAVIORAL • An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses

BEHAVIORAL • An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. • John B. Watson (1878 -1958) • Nature vs. Nurture • B. F. Skinner (1904 -1990) • “Free will is an illusion” • 1913 • Focuses on observable behaviors, the environment, rewards and punishments, stimulus-response, determinism, experience, learning

HUMANISTIC • An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for

HUMANISTIC • An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. • Carl Rogers (1902 -1987) • Abraham Maslow (1908 -1970) • 1950 s • Focuses on free will, self-determinism, personal growth, self-actualization, self-concept

COGNITIVE • An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how

COGNITIVE • An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. • Jean Piaget (1896 -1980) • 1950 s/1960 s • Focuses on information processing, mental processes: thinking, memory, problem solving, language

BIOLOGICAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL • An approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and

BIOLOGICAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL • An approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system, to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. • James Olds (1922 -1976) • Roger Sperry (1919 -1994) • 1950 s/1960 s • Focuses on neuroscience, biochemistry, neurotransmitter, hormones, genes, twins

SOCIOCULTURAL • An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and

SOCIOCULTURAL • An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior. • Lev Vygotsky (1896 -1934) • 1980 s • Focuses on society, culture, ethnicity, social interaction

EVOLUTIONARY • An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction,

EVOLUTIONARY • An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. • David Buss (1953 -) • Leda Cosmides (1957 -) • 1980 s/1990 s • Focus on adaptation, survival, reproduction

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL • An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which biological factors,

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL • An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which biological factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors combine to influence behavior.

PSYCHOLOGY AS A PROFESSION • Psychology became a profession in the 1950 s after

PSYCHOLOGY AS A PROFESSION • Psychology became a profession in the 1950 s after WWII • Most psychologist today work in… • Academia- teach and do research at colleges and universities • Mental health- diagnosis and treat psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems • Clinical • Private practice • Applied psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems. • The APA has 56 specific subfields of psychology

MAIN AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION • Clinical Psychology • Industrial–organizational Psychology • Cognitive Psychology •

MAIN AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION • Clinical Psychology • Industrial–organizational Psychology • Cognitive Psychology • Personality Psychology • Counseling Psychology • Developmental Psychology • Physiological Psychology • Psychometrics • Educational Psychology • Social Psychology • Forensic Psychology • Sports Psychology • Health Psychology • Human Factors

DIFFERENCES IN PRACTICE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST • Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment

DIFFERENCES IN PRACTICE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST • Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday problems. • Has a Masters or a Ph. D. in Psychology • CANNOT prescribe drugs PSYCHIATRIST • Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. • Has a Medical Degree (MD) • CAN prescribe drugs

History of Psychology Modern History History of PsychologyHistory of Psychology Modern History History of Psychology
AP Psychology Approaches to Psychology Psychology is theAP Psychology Approaches to Psychology Psychology is the
Areas Separate Approaches Parallel Approaches Joint Approaches IntegratedAreas Separate Approaches Parallel Approaches Joint Approaches Integrated
Areas Separate Approaches Parallel Approaches Joint Approaches IntegratedAreas Separate Approaches Parallel Approaches Joint Approaches Integrated
The History of Modern Psychology AP Psychology ApproachesThe History of Modern Psychology AP Psychology Approaches
Introductory Psychology History Approaches AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT IIntroductory Psychology History Approaches AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT I
Psychology History and Approaches AP Psychology Unit 1Psychology History and Approaches AP Psychology Unit 1
Intro to Psychology History Approaches ResearchMethods Psychology AIntro to Psychology History Approaches ResearchMethods Psychology A
Intro to Psychology History Approaches Psychology A shortIntro to Psychology History Approaches Psychology A short
History and Approaches to Psychology 1 Psychology ChapHistory and Approaches to Psychology 1 Psychology Chap
Psychology 1504 Positive Psychology Psychology 1504 Positive PsychologyPsychology 1504 Positive Psychology Psychology 1504 Positive Psychology
Approaches to Psychology 1 The Different Approaches TheApproaches to Psychology 1 The Different Approaches The
Approaches to Psychology 1 The Different Approaches TheApproaches to Psychology 1 The Different Approaches The
APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY There are seven approaches toAPPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY There are seven approaches to
Principal Approaches in Psychology APPROACHES EXPLAINING WHY ORGANISMSPrincipal Approaches in Psychology APPROACHES EXPLAINING WHY ORGANISMS
Approaches 1 Origins of psychology Learning approaches CognitiveApproaches 1 Origins of psychology Learning approaches Cognitive
Approaches to Psychology Historical Approaches Charles Darwin InspiredApproaches to Psychology Historical Approaches Charles Darwin Inspired
Approaches to Psychology Slide 1 The Different ApproachesApproaches to Psychology Slide 1 The Different Approaches
Approaches to Psychology Seven Approaches Biological Evolutionary PsychodynamicApproaches to Psychology Seven Approaches Biological Evolutionary Psychodynamic
PSYCHOLOGY HISTORY What is Psychology Psychology A scientificPSYCHOLOGY HISTORY What is Psychology Psychology A scientific