Grammar Tenses Perfect Continuous Tenses Past Participle Past

Grammar – Tenses Perfect Continuous Tenses

Past Participle • Past participles are used for all perfect tense forms of a verb and in the passive voice in English. • For regular verbs, we normally add (-ed) to form its past participle. • Unfortunately for irregular verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter of practice.

Base Form awake be beat become begin bend bet bid bite blow break bring broadcast build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig do Past Simple awoke was, were beat became began bent bet bid bit blew broke brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did Past Participle awoken beaten become begun bent bet bid bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done

Present Perfect Progressive Tense Structure • The Present Perfect Progressive Tense is formed using the following structure: – Affirmative: Subject + have / has + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Negative: Subject + haven't / hasn't + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Question: Have / Has + Subject + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) • The Present Participle and Past Participle for the verb “be” (is, am, are) is been.

Affirmative sentences Subject have/h been Present Participle Rest of the Sentence as (verb + ing) I have studying for the exam. You have buying a new computer. He has eating my chocolate. She has writing an e-mail. It has - cold this month. We have winning the championship. You have trying to learn a lot. They have forgetting my birthday. been

Present Perfect Progressive Tense: Usage • The Present Perfect Progressive Tense is used to refer to situations where the action is on-going at the current time, when there is also reference to the length of time it has been on-going. – Example: Since becoming aware of global warming, researchers have been investigating clean energy sources to replace fossil fuels. (Current situation: Researchers are investigating clean energy sources. ) – Example: She has been working on her Ph. D for the past 12 months. (Current situation: She is working on her Ph. D. )

Present Perfect Progressive Tense: Usage • The Present Perfect Progressive Tense can also be used without a duration such as "for two weeks. " Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately. " The word “lately” or “recently” is usually used to emphasize this meaning. – Recently, I have been feeling really tired. – She has been watching too much television lately.

• She ________ (study) English for 5 years. • Firdaus __________ (come) here on holiday every year since 1998. • She _________ (teach) our group for two years. • How long ___________ (you wait) here? • It __________ (rain) for over 2 hours.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE Structure • The Past Perfect Progressive Tense is formed using the following structure: – Affirmative: Subject + had + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Negative: Subject + had + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Question: Had + Subject + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) • The Present Participle and Past Participle for the verb “be” (is, am, are) is been.

Affirmative sentences Subj had been Present Participle Rest of the Sentence ect (verb + ing) I studying for the exam. You buying a new computer. He eating my chocolate. She writing an e-mail. - cold this month. We winning the championship. You trying to learn a lot. They forgetting my birthday. It had been

Past Perfect Progressive Tense: Usage • 1. The Past Perfect Progressive Tense is used to express longer actions in the past before another action in the past. – Example: Ram started waiting at 9 am. I arrived at 11 am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours. – She had been painting the door before the dog scratched it.

• We _________ (sleep) for 12 hours when he woke us up. • They __________ (wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived. • We ___________ (look for) her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom. • I _____________ (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. • How long ____________ (learn / she) English before she went to London?

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE Structure • The Future Perfect Progressive Tense is formed using the following structure: – Affirmative: Subject + will + have + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Negative: Subject + will + not + have + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Question: Will + Subject + have + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) • The Present Participle and Past Participle for the verb “be” (is, am, are) is been.

Affirmative sentences Subje will have been Present Participle Rest of the Sentence ct (verb + ing) I studying for the exam. You buying a new computer. He eating my chocolate. She writing an e-mail. - cold this month. We winning the championship. You trying to learn a lot. They forgetting my birthday. It will have been

Future Perfect Progressive Tense: Usage • The future Perfect Tense is used to talk about a long action before some point in the future. – I will have been working here for ten years next week. – He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.

• By the time we get to Ipoh this evening, we __________ (drive) more than three hundred kilometers. We are going to be exhausted. • When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she _________ (study) German for over two years. She should be able to communicate fairly well while she is in Austria. • I have not travelled much yet; however, I _________ (visit) the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States. • By the time you finish studying the verb tense, you _______ (master) all twelve tenses. • Drive faster! If you don't hurry up, she __________ (have) the baby by the time we get to the hospital.