Tenses Be Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect

Tenses Be Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple now Past Perfect Continuous Future verbs Future predictions Continuous Future « Perfect » First Conditional Second Conditional Third Conditional Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect 1 before Present Perfect 2 until Present Perfect 3 result now Future Plans Future « Simple » and Mixed Conditionals Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Be (am, is, are) In the present, be changes to am, is or are: Ø I am happy. Ø He is happy. Ø They are happy. We use the verb BE with adjectives and nouns: Ø I am a teacher. (noun) Ø I am hungry. (adjective) When we speak or write informally, we use contractions. This means that am changes to 'm, is changes to 's and are changes to 're. Ø I am happy. = I'm happy. Ø He is tired. = He's tired. Ø They are late. = They're late. Positive sentences, negative sentences and questions are made like this: Ø Positive: You are late. Ø Negative: You aren't late. Ø Question: Are you late? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Negative Positive I am I 'm not You aren't He isn't She isn't It is isn't We are They are It We The y aren't Question Am I. . . ? you Are. . . ? Is he. . . ? she Is. . . ? Is it. . . ? Are we. . . ? they Are. . . ? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Be (was, were) In the past, BE changes to was or were. Ø He was tired. Ø They were late. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji Positive I was You were He She It was was We were Negative I wasn't weren You 't He wasn't She wasn't It wasn't weren We 't Question Was I. . . ? Wer you. . . ? e Was he. . . ? Was she. . . ? Was it. . . ? Wer we. . . ? e

The verb TO BE Exercises Be - Positive Write the best word to complete these sentences. 1. He …………. French. He was born in Paris. is 2. They …………. Japanese. They live in are Tokyo. am 3. I ……………. . married. My is husband a is teacher. are 4. My sisteris……………very young. She …………… 15. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

BE - past or present? Choose the best word to complete these sentences. is 1. She ………………. . my sister. 2. Theywere …………. late again last night. 3. We are ……………. always tired now. 4. Sorry!Are ……………. . you angry? 5. I ……………… always right. am 6. It was/wasn’t …………. . cold last December. Is 7. ………………. your brother a student? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The present Continuous The present continuous has two main uses: 1. Actions in progress now - they started before now, and are not finished. ØI am eating an apple 2. Temporary situations - you know it will change in the future. It is not happening at this exact second! ØI am eating a lot of bananas these days. We use be + verb-ing to make this structure. When speaking, remember to say I'm and he's not I am or he is - it Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Positive I I'm working. You, we, they You're working. She's working. He, she, it Negative I'm not working. You aren't working. She isn't working. Question Am I working? Are you working? Is she working? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Present Continuous Exercises: Complete the letter below with the correct form of the present continuous. Notice how all the examples are actions which are not finished (right now), or temporary situations (only during her holiday). Dear Sarah, Thanks for your letter, it's great to hear from you again. I …………………(sit) outside in the garden at the moment while I ……………. (write) this letter. It's lovely and sunny, so I ……………. . … (wear) sunglasses and suntan lotion and I ……………. . …. (drink) iced lemonade. I ………………. . (plan) to relax all day today and do no work. I …………………(enjoy) myself here in London - there's lots to do. I …………. . … (live) with some friends who ………… (study) English with me. At the moment we ………………. …… (not go) to college because it's the holiday. We ………………. . …. (go) shopping a lot instead. At the moment I …………………. . … (feel) a bit tired because I've been working very hard Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji recently. My

Answers: Dear Sarah, Thanks for your letter, it's great to hear from you again. I 'm sitting (sit) outside in the garden at the moment while I 'm writing (write) this letter. It's lovely and sunny, so I 'm wearing (wear) sunglasses and suntan lotion and I 'm drinking (drink) iced lemonade. I 'm planning (plan) to relax all day today and do no work. I 'm enjoying (enjoy) myself here in London - there's lots to do. I 'm living (live) with some friends who 're studying (study) English with me. At the moment we aren't going (not go) to college because it's the holiday. We 're going (go) shopping a lot instead. At the moment I 'm feeling (feel) a bit tired because I've been working very hard recently. My boyfriend 's preparing (prepare) for an exam, so I 'm helping (help) him to study for it. Poor George! He isn't having (not have) much fun with all the work! What about you? What are you doing (do) at the moment? Are you still seeing (see) that tall, handsome guy? Is he still buying (buy) you lots of presents? Write and tell me all your news - I can't wait to hear from you. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

If you think the sentence is correct, tick 'correct', and if you think it is wrong, tick 'wrong'. correct wrong √ √ √ √ √ sentences My sister is studying French at the moment. They isn't feeling very well. I'm not living with my parents nowadays. I reading a good book at the moment. Does she eating strange food now she is pregnant? Is anyone sitting here, or can I borrow the chair? We aren't walking home now, we're walking to the pub. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Present Simple The two main uses are. . . 1. Present States - something true for a long time (usually a feeling, not an action). �I like cake. 2. Present Habits - an action is repeated (sometimes, every week. . . ) �I eat cake every day. Positive I, you, we and You like they mice. She likes He, she and it mice. Negative You don't like mice. She doesn't like mice. Question Do you like mice? Does she like mice? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Time expressions with present simple When you are using present simple for repeated habits, you must remember to say how often it happens. Ø I often go to the cake shop. Ø I go to the cake shop three times a week. When we only use one word (never, rarely, sometimes, often, usually, always), it comes before the verb. When we use more than one word (every week, four times a month) it comes at the end of the sentence. Other uses of Present Simple Facts - we believe it always happens and will always be true. Ø The sun rises in the east. 'Scheduled' future events - something which we can see in a timetable (here a film guide). Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present Simple Practice 1: Complete these sentences using the words in brackets (). Remember to use contractions ("don't", not live "do not") don't 1. Theyplay …………. . in a city. (not live) 2. I……………the piano every evening. Does she (play) smoke Do they work 3. …………………. ? (she don't eat smoke? ) doesn't drink 4. …………………. …… in a bank? often sings (they work? ) don't go 5. I ………………. . … meat. (not eat) 6. My husband ………………. . . beer. (not drink) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Practice 2: Choose the best word (from the list) to complete these sentences. Careful - you don't need them all. do/ does/ Doesdon't/ doesn't/ likes /thinks/sing/si ngsdon't 1. …………your boyfriend help with the think housework? doesn't 2. I …………………. . …want to go home - I'm happy like here. thinks 3. Do you …………………that English is easy? sing 4. Tom …………speak French - he only likes speaks German. do 5. We ………………swimming - we go to the swimming Does pool every week. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Past Simple The past simple has three main uses: 1. Past states - a feeling (not an action) in the past. ØI loved her. 2. Single past events - often when you are telling the main events of a story. ØI walked home, then I watched TV. 3. Past habits - actions repeated often, sometimes, every week/day. . . ØI walked home from work every day. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Good news! The past simple is the same for I, you, he, . . . There's no excuse for getting it wrong! Positive verb+ed Negative Question didn't + verb did + (he) + verb You didn't wash You washed Did you wash your dog? dog. simple has lots of irregular forms Bad news! The past which you must learn. And the pronunciation is quite difficult too! So I guess it's OK if you make some mistakes. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Past Simple exercices: Practice 1: Complete these sentences using the past simple and the words in brackets (). Remember to use contractions ("didn't", not "did not") lived 1. They …………………. . …. in a small house when didn't want they children. (live) Did were she play 2. I Did …………. . …to eat vegetables when I they like was young. (not want) didn't smoke 3. ……………. . …. with teddy bears? (she had play? ) always listened 4. ……………………. their school? go (theydidn't like? ) Hamdi Senhaji 5. I ………………. ……. . until I was. Mohammed 18.

Practice 2: write the past form of these verbs. thought 1. I ………………that you were married! (think) 2. They ……………. at a local school. (teach) taught 3. She ……………. . a new mobile phone. (buy) bought drew 4. My daughter ……………… this beautiful picture. (draw)threw 5. Someone knew………………. a snowball at me!(throw) 6. We wrote ……………. that it was a mistake. (know) 7. I ………………. drove him a love letter. (write) 8. He …………………. torode the station to meet me. (drive) hit 9. The handsome prince ………………. . a white put horse. (ride) cut 10. The little girl ………………. . the little boy. (hit) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Past Continuous has two main uses: 1. Actions in progress at a moment in the past often a background to a story. Ø I was sleeping when the phone rang. Ø I was sleeping at 3. 30 am this morning. Note: it is possible that the action continued (here, I didn't wake up). But, it is possible that the action was interrupted at that moment (here, I woke up when the phone rang). 2. We also use past continuous when two longer events are happening at the same time Ø I was thinking about my holiday while I was teaching my class this morning. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

We use be + verb-ing to make this structure. Remember to use contractions (wasn't, weren't) when speaking. Positive Negative Question I, he, she, it You, we, they I was working. I wasn't working. Was I working? You were working. You weren't working. Were you working? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Past Continuous Practice 1: Complete these sentences using the past continuous and the words in brackets (). Remember to use contractions ("wasn't", not "was not") 1. We …………………. ……. in Germany when the war started. (live) 2. I …………………. . …… this time last year. (not work) 3. ………………… to him when you saw her? (she talk? ) 4. What ……………. . at midnight on New Year's Day? (they do? ) 5. I ………………………. … a sandwich when she arrived. (make) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Practice 1: 1. We were living in Germany when the war 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. started. (live) I wasn't working this time last year. (not work) Was she talking to him when you saw her? (she talk? ) What were they doing at midnight on New Year's Day? (they do? ) I was making a sandwich when she arrived. (make) They weren't watching the film, they were kissing! (not watch) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Practice 2: Complete these sentences with the best form - past simple or past continuous. 1. I ……………. . …. the car while I ………………… home (crash, drive) 2. A shark …………. …. him when he ………. …in the sea. (bite, swim) 3. It started snowing in the evening, and it …. . …when he …. . ……up. (still snow, wake) 4. He …………. sunglasses when I first ……. . ……him. (wear / meet) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Practice 2: 1. I crashed the car while I was driving home (crash, drive) 2. A shark bit him when he was swimming in the sea. (bite, swim) 3. It started snowing in the evening, and it was still snowing when he woke up. (still snow, wake) 4. He was wearing sunglasses when I first met him. (wear / meet) 5. Sarah's angry because her boyfriend never does anything. For example, yesterday, while she washing up, he was Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect = before We use the present perfect when we want to talk about experiences - things which happened before now, but it isn't important exactly when. ØI've never visited Egypt. We often use it with expressions like: ever, never, yet, already, before, How often? , three times, this week/month. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present Perfect or Past Simple? Look at these two examples: ØI've only eaten sushi once. ØI ate sushi with my sister last month. The first is present perfect because we are thinking about experiences in your life until now. The second is past simple because you aren't thinking about your whole life you are thinking about one finished time. You should never use present perfect Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

We make the present perfect simple using have + past participle (the third form of the verb, e. g. done, gone, written Positive Negative Question I, . . . ). you, we, You've You haven't Have you they He, she and it done it. She's done it. She hasn't done it? Has she done it? �Some good news: We never use the present perfect continuous with this meaning! So if you see "ever", "never", "already" etc. you know that you should only use the present Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Extra information: Word order We use "already" with positive sentences. We use "yet" with negative sentences and questions. Note the position in the examples below: ØI've already had dinner. ØI haven't had dinner yet. ØHave you had dinner yet? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Exercises Practice 1: Complete these sentences with the word(s) in brackets. Remember to use contractions ("I've" not "I have") where necessary. 1. …………… sushi? (you / eat / ever? ) 2. ……………. my keys. ( I / lose / never) 3. ……………. this film three times. (She / see) 4. ………………. this book. (I / read / never ) 5. ……………. football twice this year. (I / play / only) 6. ……………… champagne. (They / drink / never) 7. ………………. an accident? (she / have /ever? ) 8. ……………. . his brother? (he / hit / ever? ) 9. ……………. . this grammar before. (we / not / study) 10. …………… my wallet yet. (I / not / find) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: 1. Have you ever eaten sushi? (you / eat / 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ever? ) I've never lost my keys. ( I / lose / never) She's seen this film three times. (She / see) I've never read this book. (I / read / never ) I've only played football twice this year. (I / play / only) They've never drunk champagne. (They / drink / never) Has she ever had an accident? (she / have /ever? ) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Practice 2: Been or gone? "He has gone to France" means he is still in France. "He has been to France" means that he went to France and came back - he has had this been experience. gone 1. We've been never …………………. …. . skii gone ng. been 2. Tom's …………………. . …. sh opping. He'll be back soon. 3. Have you ever ………………. to the Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present Perfect = until now We can use the present perfect when something started in the past and is still true now. ØI've loved rats since I was a child. - present perfect simple ØI 've been playing with this rat for 1 hour. - present perfect continuous We usually use it with for, since and how long. ØI've lived here for three months / for 5 years ØI've lived here since 2001 / since Tuesday ØHow long have you lived here? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present Perfect Simple or Continuous? There's not much difference between present perfect simple and continuous for this meaning, but we always use present perfect simple with state verbs (e. g. like, have, believe), and usually use present perfect continuous with action verbs (e. g. go, eat, play). ØHe's always believed in Santa. (present perfect simple - a state) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present perfect continuous = have/has + been + verb-ing I, you, we, they he, she, it You've been + He's been waiting. You haven't been He hasn't been waiting. Present Perfect or Past Simple? Look at these examples: Havetwo you been ? I've been married for 2 years. Has he been waiting? � I was married for 2 years. The first is present perfect because it is two years including the present (I am married now). The second is past simple because the two years finished in the past (I am not married now). Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

For or Since? �We use "for" with the length of time (e. g. 2 years, 3 months, 1 minute). �We use "since" with the starting point (e. g. Tuesday, 2009, I was 5). ØI've been working here for six weeks. ØI've been working here since I left university. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Present Perfect Simple or Continuous Exercises Practice 1: Complete these sentences with the word(s) in brackets. Remember: present perfect simple for states, and present perfect continuous for actions. 1. How 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. long ……………………. . English ? (you / study) ……………………… him for a long time. (we / know) …………………. on his phone for hours. (he / talk) How long ……………………. . ……… …ill? (she / be) ……………. ……… out together since they were 16. (they / go) ………………. . …… much recently. (I Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Practice 1: 1. How long have you been studying English? (you / study) 2. I've known him for a long time. (we / know) 3. He's been talking on his phone for hours. (he / talk) 4. How long has she been ill? (she / be) 5. They've been going out together since they were 16. (they /go) 6. I haven't been sleeping much recently. (I / not / sleep ) 7. I've been staying with my sister for a few days. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Practice 2: Past simple or present perfect? 1. I ……………. . …. in Father Christmas when I was 5. (believe) 2. When ……………. . to America? (you / go) 3. Now I'm a teacher, but I ………………. . as a shop assistant for 3 months at university. (work) 4. I'm tired. I ……………. . sleepy all week! (be) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Practice 2: Past simple or present perfect? 1. I believed in Father Christmas when I was 5. (believe) 2. When did you go to America? (you / go) 3. Now I'm a teacher, but I worked as a shop assistant for 3 months at university. (work) 4. I'm tired. I 've been sleepy all week! (be) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present Perfect = result now We use the present perfect when something happened in the past, and has a result now especially a result you can see. ØI've broken my leg. (present perfect: result now - my leg is still broken) ØI broke my leg three years ago. (past simple: the result is finished - my leg is better now). Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present Perfect Simple or Continuous? Present Perfect Simple is used with short, single, finished actions, and when we say how many. Present Perfect Continuous is used with longer, repeated or unfinished activities. Ø I've written 5 letters today. (simple: finished, we say how many/much) Ø I've been writing letters all morning. (continuous: repeated, emphasis on how long) Ø Oh no!!! What have you done? !!! (simple: look at the result!!!) Ø What have you been doing recently? (continuous: I'm interested in the activity) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Exercises: The Present Perfect Complete these sentences with the word in brackets. You will need to use the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous. Also, think about the meaning - is it positive, negative or a question? 1. I'm angry because I ………………. a fight with my dad. (have) 2. I feel naughty because I …………………. . any work today. (do) 3. They're tired because they ………………. all day. (work) 4. I feel sick because I ……………………. . …… all the cake. (eat) 5. Your face is really red. What ……………. . you ……………? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji (do)

Answers: The Present Perfect 1. I'm angry because I 've had a fight with my dad. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. (have) I feel naughty because I haven't done any work today. (do) They're tired because they 've been working all day. (work) I feel sick because I 've eaten all the cake. (eat) Your face is really red. What have you been doing ? (do) The teacher is angry because Anne has been late every day this week. (be) Did you see Maria's hair? I think she 's dyed it. It looks terrible. (dye) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Past Perfect Simple How to use the Past Perfect The past perfect is used in almost the same way as the present perfect. But, it's for things which happened before a past time, not before a present time. Ø I'd seen the film 10 times before I was 12. We also use it with states continuing until a past time. Ø I'd lived in France for three years before I got married. Finally, we use it for past events with a past result, especially if the event is short, single, finished or we say how many. Ø He was angry because she'd eaten all his cake. Past Perfect or Present Perfect? Compare the examples above with these similar examples in the present perfect. The only difference is that these examples are talking about the present! Ø I've seen this film 10 times. (before now!) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji Ø I've lived in France for three years. (until now!)

We make the past perfect simple using had + past participle (the third form of the verb, e. g. done, gone, written. . . ). It is the same for all people (I, you, he, she. . . ). + ? He knew he'd studied it before. He knew he hadn't studied it before. Had he studied it before? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Past Perfect Simple exercises: Practice 1: Complete these sentences with the word(s) in brackets. Remember to use contractions ("I'd" not "I had") where possible. 1. He was sad because ………………… up with 2. 3. 4. 5. him. (she, break) I thought that ……………… dinner. (she, cook) I knew that …………… my birthday. (they, not, remember) His bike was stolen because ……………. . it. (he, not, lock) Before you met your husband, ……………. . in love? (you, be, ever) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Practice 1: 1. He was sad because she'd broken up with him. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (she, break) I thought that she'd cooked dinner. (she, cook) I knew that they hadn't remembered my birthday. (they, not, remember) His bike was stolen because he hadn't locked it. (he, not, lock) Before you met your husband, had you ever been in love? (you, be, ever) They'd never drunk champagne, until the night of the party. (they, drink, never) I was sure that I'd seen him before. (I, meet) When I saw his face, I realised that something Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Practice 2: Past Perfect Simple or Past Simple? Choose the best tense to complete the following sentences. Again, remember to use contractions. And remember that we only need past perfect if the second event happened before the first one. 1. His face was so white! He ………. …as if he ………. …a ghost! (look, see) 2. When I ……. . …her in hospital, I …………her some flowers. (visit, take) 3. She …………………. that he …………. the washing up. (see, not do). 4. My mum ……………… angry because I …………………the car. (be, crash) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Practice 2: 1. His face was so white! He looked as if he 'd 2. 3. 4. 5. seen a ghost! (look, see) When I visited her in hospital, I took her some flowers. (visit, take) She saw that he hadn't done the washing up. (see, not do). My mum was angry because I 'd crashed the car. (be, crash) We went out to a restaurant, and then we went to the cinema. (go, go) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Past Perfect Continuous How to use the Past Perfect Continuous The past perfect continuous is used in a similar way to the present perfect continuous. But, it's for things which happened before a past time, not before a present time. A past event which continues up to another time in the past: Ø I'd been waiting for 2 hours when he finally arrived. Remember to use past perfect simple for state verbs: Ø I'd been there for 2 hours when he finally arrived. We also use it for past events which had a result in the past, especially if the event is longer, repeated or unfinished at that time. We use past perfect simple for short, finished, single events or when we say how many. Ø I was angry because he'd been eating my chocolates. (continuous: this was repeated, and maybe unfinished - there were more chocolates left. ) Ø I was angry because he'd eaten all my chocolate. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

We make the past perfect continuous using had + been + verb-ing. It is the same for all people (I, you, he, she. . . ) + ? He knew she'd been lying to him. He knew she hadn't been lying to him. Had she been lying to him, he wondered. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Past Perfect Continuous exercises: Practice 1: Complete these sentences with the word(s) in brackets using the past perfect continuous. Remember to use contractions ("I'd" not "I had") where possible. 1. He was sad because ………………. . all day. (it, rain) 2. I thought that …………. English for years. (she, study) 3. I knew that ……………. . ……… my shampoo. (he, use) 4. We didn't know where to go Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Practice 1: 1. He was sad because it'd been raining 2. 3. 4. 5. all day. (it, rain) I thought that she'd been studying English for years. (she, study) I knew that he'd been using my shampoo. (he, use) We didn't know where to go because we hadn't been listening. (we, not, listen) Before the accident, had he been drinking ? (he, drink? ) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji Practice 2: Past Perfect Simple or Continuous? Choose the best tense to complete the following sentences. Again, remember to use contractions. And remember that simple tenses are used for states or short, finished actions when we say how many. Continuous is used for long, unfinished or repeated actions. 1. He was hungry because ……………anything all day. (he, not, eat) 2. Her hand started hurting because ……… computer games all day. (she, play) 3. The milk smelt bad because ………………. …to put it in the fridge. (I, forget) 4. ………………. . TV for hours

Answers: Practice 2: 1. He was hungry because he hadn't eaten anything all 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. day. (he, not, eat) Her hand started hurting because she'd been playing computer games all day. (she, play) The milk smelt bad because I'd forgotten to put it in the fridge. (I, forget) He'd been watching TV for hours before he fell asleep. (he, watch) She didn't know that I'd always loved her. (I, always, love) She was delighted because her wish had come true. (come) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future Verbs One common way to talk about the future is to use a verb. Ø I want to watch 'Hulk' tonight. Ø I 'm planning to go to Spain next year. Ø I 've decided to learn Japanese one day. Obviously, the verb (want, plan, decide) uses a present form. But the 'to watch' or‘ to go' or 'to learn' part means in the future. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Here is a list of common verbs for the would love future: would like I am hoping am planning have arranged have decided to have a bath tonight. have agreed expect intend want promise Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Another way to talk about the future is to use an expression with 'be. . . + to + verb' �I 'm due to visit the dentist next month. �I 'm likely to be late tonight. Here are some more future "be + _ + to + verb" structures: Structure Meaning I am going to mark your homework. I am likely to mark your homework. I am bound to mark your homework. I am expected to mark your homework. a plan/intention probably almost definitely people expect it Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Exercise 1: Choose the correct expression to complete these sentences. 1. ……………. on holiday. (I decide to go, I’m deciding to go, I’ve decided to go) 2. ………………. ……your sister. (I’d like to meet, I’d like meeting, I’d like meet) 3. ………late tonight. (I’m planning to work, I planning work) 4. ………. …the next World Cup. (England likely to win, England are likely to win) 5. ……………two more children. (My sister is want to have, My sister wants to have) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Exercise 1: Choose the correct expression to complete these sentences. 1. I’ve decided to go on holiday. 2. I’d like to meet your sister. 3. I’m planning to work late tonight. 4. England are likely to win the next World Cup. 5. My sister wants to have two more children. 6. I promise to write you a postcard Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Exercise 2: Complete the following sentences with just one word - choose from these words: (is/ be/ unlikely/ am/ would/ to/have/ agreed) 1. I ……………… like to go to France next year. 2. The train ……………. due to arrive in 10 minutes. 3. I ……………. planning to have a party at the weekend. 4. I hope to ………………. very rich one day. 5. My boss has ……………. to give me a holiday next week. 6. I ……………. decided to quit my job. 7. It's …………… to snow this weekend. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Exercise 2: 1. I would like to go to France next year. 2. The train is due to arrive in 10 minutes. 3. I am planning to have a party at the weekend. 4. I hope to be very rich one day. 5. My boss has agreed to give me a holiday next week. 6. I have decided to quit my job. 7. It's unlikely to snow this weekend. 8. I want to buy a house one day. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future Plans If you have already decided to do something, it is a plan. �I 've decided to watch a film tonight. We can have general plans (things we have thought about before, but don't know when it will happen) or arrangements (when we have decided when, where, who with and all the other details). + He 's going to have dinner with you. For general plans, we use 'am/is/are + going He isn't going to have dinner with - to + verb' you. �I 'm going to get married one day. ? Is he going to have dinner with you? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

For arrangements, we use 'going to' or the present continuous. ØI 'm going to get married next month. ØI 'm getting married next month. If you don't know if it's a general plan or an intention, use 'going to' - it's always correct! Remember - we can also use expressions like "I've decided to", "I've arranged to", "I'm planning to" to talk about our plans. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

"Be Going To" for future plans and arrangements exercises: Rewrite these sentences using "be going to + verb". Example: work early tomorrow. I've decided to finish work early tomorrow. 1. I'm planning to meet my friends after work today. ………………my friends after work today. 2. She's agreed to help her brother do his homework. ………………. . her brother do his homework. 3. They don't intend to have any more children. ………………. . any more children. 4. We're planning to move house soon. …………………house soon. 5. Are you planning to have a party next month? ………………… a party next month? 6. Does your sister intend to be a doctor? ………………… a doctor? 7. We've decided not to have a holiday this year. …………………. a holiday this year. 8. He intends to get a new job as soon as possible. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji …………………. a new job as soon as possible.

Answers: 1. I'm planning to meet my friends after work today. I'm going to meet my friends after work today. 2. She's agreed to help her brother do his homework. She's going to help her brother do his homework. 3. They don't intend to have any more children. They aren't going to have any more children. 4. We're planning to move house soon. We're going to move house soon. 5. Are you planning to have a party next month? Are you going to have a party next month? 6. Does your sister intend to be a doctor? Is your sister going to be a doctor? 7. We've decided not to have a holiday this year. We aren't going to have a holiday this year. 8. He intends to get a new job as soon as possible. He's going to get a new job as soon as possible. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

correc wron sentences t g I'm visiting my friends in the USA next week. I'm being a doctor when I finish university. Tom's starting university next month. We're being rich and famous one day. I'm speaking perfect English in 6 months. Are you staying in a hotel or a campsite this weekend? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: corre wron ct g √ √ √ I'm visiting my friends in the USA next week. I'm being a doctor when I finish university. Tom's starting university next month. We're being rich and famous one day. I'm speaking perfect English in 6 months. √ Are you staying in a hotel or a campsite this weekend? √ I've just bought the tickets! I'm travelling round Asia next year! Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future Predictions If you think something is possible in the future, you are making a prediction. ØI think England will win the next World Cup. These are the most common expressions for making predictions. The percentages (%) are very approximate - just to show you the order of the expressions. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

It' ll definitely rain. It'll almost certainly rain. It's bound to rain. It'll probably rain. It's likely to rain. It'll possibly rain. It might not rain. It probably won't rain. It isn't likely to rain. It almost certainly won't rain. 100% chance of rain 90%-99% 80%-95% 50%-80% 20%-50% 5%-20% 1%-5% Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Notice the position of words like "definitely" before "won't", but after "will". We often use 'be going to' instead of 'will' for predictions. There usually isn't a difference, but 'be going to' can mean that we have a reason for making the prediction. ØI think it'll snow next Christmas. (but that's in 12 months - I can't know this) ØI think it 's going to snow again tomorrow. (there a lot of clouds and the weather is very, very cold) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Expressions for making predictions. Put the words in order to make predictions about the future. Example: It isn’t going to be hot tomorrow. isn't (be/ to/ going/hot) 1. Tom ……………. . …… his driving test. (going/fail/probably/ is/ to) 2. I ……………. … rich and famous. (be/I/ don't/ will/ ever/ think) 3. He …………. ……. . you the answer. (tell/likely/isn't/to) 4. They ……………. ……. . to the party. (come/ won't/probably) 5. My brother …………. . . ……. us. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: Put the words in order to make predictions about the future. 1. Tom is probably going to fail his driving test. 2. I don't think I will ever be rich and famous. 3. He isn't likely to tell you the answer. 4. They probably won't come to the party. 5. My brother might not want to help us. 6. Susan will almost certainly forget to buy the coffee. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future "Simple" and "Continuous" Futures with "will" Will can be simple, continuous or perfect. It depends on whether the action has started or finished at a time in the future. � At six o'clock, . . . �. . . I'll do my homework. (simple = starts at 6 o'clock) �. . . I'll be doing my homework. (continuous = started before 6, not finished) �. . . I'll have done my homework. (perfect simple = finished before 6 o'clock) �. . . I'll have been doing my homework for 2 hours. (perfect continuous = started before, not finished, "how long" emphasised) Don't forget: "will" doesn't just mean "future". It is used for Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji predictions, which can also be in the present:

"Future Simple" Simple means "the whole action". When we use it with a time, it means the action starts at this time. This example means that the aeroplane leaves at midnight. Ø At midnight tomorrow, I'll fly to Greece. "Future Continuous" Continuous means "in progress". This example means that the flight starts before midnight, and finishes after midnight. At midnight, it is in progress. We use it with a point of time, and we don't say "how long". Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

We make the future continuous with will + be + verb -ing + ? He 'll be working at 11 o'clock tomorrow. He won't be working at 11 o'clock tomorrow. Will he be working at 11 o'clock tomorrow? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future "Simple" or "Continuous"? Practice: Should these sentences use a simple or continuous future form? Put the verbs between brackets into the correct form to complete the sentences. 1. Do you think 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. that England……………………. . the next World Cup? (win) She loves climbing trees, but if she isn't careful, she…………………. . …. her leg. (break) Just think - this time tomorrow, my sister………………. married!!! (get) It's my brother's birthday tomorrow. I think I. . . . him some DVDs. (buy) My exam starts at 9 o'clock, so at 9. 30 I…………. . ……… the exam. (still /do) Where's your little brother now? He……………. …. in the garden. (play) I hope that by the time I'm 50, I……………. …… in a big house, and I…………. . …. three children. (live, have) I'm going on holiday. I……………. . . ……of you all at. Mohammed work Hamdi Senhaji while I'm lying on the beach!!! (think)

Answers: 1. Do you think that England will win the next World Cup? (win) 2. She loves climbing trees, but if she isn't careful, she’ll break her leg. (break) 3. Just think - this time tomorrow, my sister will be getting married!!! (get) 4. It's my brother's birthday tomorrow. I think I’ll buy him some DVDs. (buy) 5. My exam starts at 9 o'clock, so at 9. 30 I’ll still be doing the exam. (do) 6. Where's your little brother now? He’ll be playing in the garden. (play) 7. I hope that by the time I'm 50, I’ll be living in a big house, and I’ll have three children. (live, have) 8. I'm going on holiday. I’ll be thinking of you all at work while I'm lying on the beach!!! (think) 9. What colour hair do you think your children will have(have) 10. My driving test is tomorrow morning, and I know I'm going to fail! So this time tomorrow I’ll be crying in my bedroom! And I’ll have then start taking lessons again. (cry, have to)Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future Perfect Simple and Continuous Future Perfect Simple Perfect means "before". For example, finished before a time in the future. This example means that you will retire before 2050. We usually use this with 'by' or 'by the time'. Ø By 2050, I'll have retired. Or it can mean started before a time in the future, and not finished. In this example, I got married in 2005, and in 2020 I'll still be married. You must say for how long!!! Ø By 2020, I'll have been married for 15 years. Future Perfect Simple = will + have + past Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future Perfect Simple structure + ? He 'll have finished work by 6 pm. He won't have finished work by 6 pm. Will he have finished work by 6 pm? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future Perfect Continuous In the examples above, we are talking about a finished action or a continuing state, so we use the Perfect Simple. But, if we are talking about actions which are not finished, we can use the Perfect Continuous. In the examples below, the verb "be" is a state, but "teach" is an action. ØBy 2020, I'll have been a teacher for 20 years. ØBy 2020, I'll have been Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future Perfect Continuous = will + have + been + verb-ing + ? By 6 pm he'll have been playing football for 5 hours. By 6 pm he won't have been playing football for long. How long will he have been playing football? Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Future Simple, Continuous or Perfect? Practice: Complete each sentence using the future continuous, future perfect simple, or future perfect continuous. Sarah has just finished her medical degree, and she starts her new job soon. Ø In September, she ………………… as a doctor. (work) Ø By Christmas, she …………… a doctor for 5 months. (be) I'm going on holiday four times this year. The first holiday is next week. Ø This time next week, I ……………… dinner in a Spanish restaurant. (eat) Ø By the end of the year, I …………………. . four holidays. (have) Don't phone me at 7 o'clock - I ………………… dinner. (make) Ø Phone me at 8 o'clock - I ………… my dinner by then. (finish) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji - How many exams …………. by the time you are 21?

Answers: Sarah has just finished her medical degree, and she starts her new job soon. Ø In September, she ’ll be working as a doctor. (work) Ø By Christmas, she ’ll have been a doctor for 5 months. (be) I'm going on holiday four times this year. The first holiday is next week. Ø This time next week, I ’ll be eating dinner in a Spanish restaurant. (eat) Ø By the end of the year, I ’ll have had four holidays. (have) Don't phone me at 7 o'clock - I ’ll be making dinner. (make) Ø Phone me at 8 o'clock - I ’ll have finished my dinner by then. (finish) - How many exams will you have taken by the time you are 21? (you, take) Ø - Lots! But I'm not worried. I know I ’ll pass them all! (pass) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

First Conditional The first conditional is used to talk about. . . A possible future situation and its result. ØIf you go out, you'll have fun. �Be careful - I know the first half looks like the present simple, but it's talking about the future. �We often use this form to make promises or threats, or to negotiate. ØI'll buy you a present if I go on holiday. (promise) ØI'll hit you if you do that again! (threat) ØIf you lend me £ 5, I'll buy you a drink later. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Things to remember: �It doesn't matter if you say the situation or the result first. Ø "I'll help you if you want" = "if you want, I'll help you. " �You can use "unless" to mean "if not". Ø"If you don't help me. . . " = "Unless you help Future Situation = Possible Result = me. . . " if + present simple will/won't + verb If you don't help me I'll be angry. Unless you help m I'll be angry. e Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

First Conditional: Advanced Points �You can use present simple, continuous or perfect to give the possible situation. �You can use any expression which talks about the future for the result. Possible Situation Possible Result. . . he's going to If he works too hard. . . be tired. If he's still working at. . . he might be tired midnight. . . tomorrow. If he hasn't finished by. . . please tell him to midnight. . . go home. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

First Conditionals Complete these sentences with the word in brackets. Remember: situation = if + present simple, result = will + infinitive (verb). 1. If you ………. tired tonight, we …………. . out. (be, not go) 2. If you ………down your music, you. …your parents up. (not turn, wake) 3. You …………sick if you …………… all that cake! (feel, eat) 4. You ……………the exam if you ……… hard. (not pass, not study) 5. He …………. angry if she ………… his ipod. (be, break) 6. It's raining! If he …………. . to work, he …………wet. (drive, not get) 7. What ……… you ……. . if he …………. . your Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: First Conditionals 1. If you are tired tonight, we won't go out. (be, not go) 2. If you don't turn down your music, you 'll wake your parents up. (not turn, wake) 3. You 'll feel sick if you eat all that cake! (feel, eat) 4. You won't pass the exam if you don't study hard. (not pass, not study) 5. He 'll be angry if she breaks his i. Pod. (be, break) 6. It's raining! If he drives to work, he won't get wet. (drive, not get) 7. What will you say if he forgets your birthday again? (say, forget) 8. I'm so angry!!! I won't talk to him again unless he says sorry. (not talk, say) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Second Conditional The seconditional is used to talk about. . . Imagined present/future situations and their imagined results. �If you spoke English, you wouldn't need to read this. Be careful - I know the first half looks like the past simple, but it is used to mean now or the future. �We often use this form to give advice: Compare the first conditional with the seconditional: �If I win the lottery, I'll buy you a present! �If I won the lottery, I'd buy a castle! In the first example, the speaker buys lottery tickets, Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

imaginary Situation = Imaginary Result = if + past simple would(n't) + verb If he asked me to I'd say "yes". him, Itmarry doesn't matter if you say the situation or the result first. ØI'd marry him if he asked. = If he asked, I'd marry him. Second Conditional: Advanced Points With I, he, she and it you can say was or were - it doesn't matter which. Were is a little more formal, and some people think it is also even more imaginary. ØIf it was/were warmer, we would go to the beach. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Present State (past simple) Present Action (past continuous) Future Action (past simple) If I was less hungry. . . If I was eating now. . . If I ate tonight. . . Definite Result (would). . . I would be happy. Possible Result (might). . . I might be happy. Ability (could). . . I could be happy. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Second Conditional Practice 1: Complete these sentences with the past simple or would + verb. 1. What ……………. . if you lost your job? (you, 2. 3. 4. 5. do) If ……………. . a wallet, would you keep it? (you, find) If ………you, he wouldn't keep buying you presents. (he, not, love) In what situation …………. . someone? (you, kill) ……………. . that coat if I had more money. (I, buy) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: The Second Conditional Practice 1: 1. What would you do if you lost your job? (you, do) 2. If you found a wallet, would you keep it? (you, find) 3. If he didn't love you, he wouldn't keep buying you presents. (he, not, love) 4. In what situation would you kill someone? (you, kill) 5. I'd buy that coat if I had more money. (I, buy) 6. If we bought her a pet dog, do you think she'd look after it? (she, look) 7. If I lived on the moon, I don't know what I would eat. (I, live) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Practice 2: First or Second Conditional? For each pair of sentences below, one could be a future possibility, and the other a present/future imaginary situation. Choose the correct tense to complete the sentences. 1. He loves being a teacher, but if he……… a doctor, he……… more money. 2. He's studying medicine. If he………. . a doctor, he………a lot of money. (he, become, earn) 3. They want a dog, but they live in London. If they …………in the country, they…………a dog. 4. They are thinking of moving to the country. If they………… in the country, they……………. . a dog. (they, live, buy) 5. She's really tired. If she…………. . out tonight, she…………… so tired tomorrow. 6. She's really tired. If she…………. out every Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: 1. He loves being a teacher, but if he became a 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. doctor, he'd earn more money. He's studying medicine. If he becomes a doctor, he'll earn a lot of money. (he, become, earn) They want a dog, but they live in London. If they lived in the country, they'd buy a dog. They are thinking of moving to the country. If they live in the country, they'll buy a dog. (they, live, buy) She's really tired. If she doesn't go out tonight, she won't be so tired tomorrow. She's really tired. If she didn't go out every night, she wouldn't be so tired all the time. (she, not go, not be) You're going to open a cake shop? Well, if you sell these cakes, you'll make a fortune! Your home-made cakes are delicious. If you sold Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Third conditional This is used to talk about imagined past situations and their imagined results. For example, Øyesterday, I was sick because I drank some old milk. To imagine the alternative, I say. . . �If I hadn't drunk that old milk, I wouldn't have been sick. We often use this form to describe regrets or give blame: �If I'd studied harder, I'd have got an 'A'. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Imagined Past Result Situation if + had(n't) + past would(n't) + have + past participle If It hedoesn't had told the truth I'd say havethe believed him. or the � matter if you situation result first. Ø"If I'd married him, we'd have had lots of children. “ Ø"We'd have had lots of children if I'd married I wouldn't have eaten all him. " your biscuits. I 'd been I might have eaten less. �If. You can less use hungry, would/might/could + have to talk I could have waited until about the result. dinner time. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

The Third Conditional Practice 1: Complete the second sentence of each pair so that it means the same as the first. 1. Last night I went to a party, and I didn't get to bed until 3 am. Ø If ………… to the party, ………… to bed earlier. (I, go) 2. I went to bed late , so I overslept. Ø If ………. . to bed earlier, …………. . . (I, go, oversleep) 3. I missed the bus because I overslept. Ø If ……………. , …………the bus. (I oversleep, miss) 4. I was late for the job interview because I missed the bus. Ø ………. late for the job interview if ……… the bus. (I, be, miss) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Answers: The Third Conditional Practice 1: 1. Last night I went to a party, and I didn't get to bed until 3 am. Ø If I hadn't gone to the party, I'd have gone to bed earlier. (I, go, go) 2. I went to bed late , so I overslept. Ø If I had gone to bed earlier, I wouldn't have overslept (I, go, oversleep) 3. I missed the bus because I overslept. Ø If I hadn't overslept , I wouldn't have missed the bus. (I oversleep, miss) 4. I was late for the job interview because I missed the bus. Ø I wouldn't have been late for the job interview if I hadn't missed the bus. (I, be, miss) Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Mixed Conditionals Before you study this, make sure you understand seconditionals and third conditionals. Second Conditionals Ø If I had a good job, I'd be rich. Ø This is an imaginary present situation, with its present result. Third Conditionals Ø If I had studied medicine, I'd have become a doctor. Ø This is an imaginary past situation, with its past result. Mixed Conditionals A mixed conditional gives a situation and result - but one is in the past, and the other is in the present. For example: Ø If I had studied medicine at university, I'd be rich now. Ø This is an imaginary past situation, with an imaginary present result. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Imagined Past Situation if + had(n't) + past participle If we had taken the car, Imagined Present Result would(n't) + verb (infinitive) we wouldn't be late. Imagined Present Situation Imagined Past Result if + past simple If I didn't love him, would(n't) + have + past participle I wouldn't have married him. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji

Mixed Conditionals Remember - when we are talking about something which isn't real. . . Past situation = If I had done. Present situation = If I did. Past result = I would have done. Present result = I would do. Rewrite the following sentences. Think carefully about the time - past or present/future. 1. I don't know how to ski, so I didn't go skiing with Simon last week. If I ………. . how to ski, I …………. . skiing with Simon last week. 2. I forgot to bring my umbrella - that's why I'm so wet. If I …………. . to bring my umbrella, I ………. . so wet now. 3. I'm really worried about tomorrow's exam - that's why I didn't go to the party last night. If I …………. worried about tomorrow's exam, I ……. . to the party last night. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji 4. A dog bit me when I was a child, so now I'm really scared of

Answers: 1. I don't know how to ski, so I didn't go skiing with Simon last week. If I knew how to ski, I would have gone skiing with Simon last week. 2. I forgot to bring my umbrella - that's why I'm so wet. If I hadn't forgotten to bring my umbrella, I wouldn't be so wet now. 3. I'm really worried about tomorrow's exam - that's why I didn't go to the party last night. If I wasn't worried about tomorrow's exam, I would have gone to the party last night. 4. A dog bit me when I was a child, so now I'm really scared of dogs. If hadn't bitten a dog me when I was a child, I wouldn't be scared of dogs now. Mohammed Hamdi Senhaji