The past tenses Past Present perfect Past perfect

The past tenses Past Present perfect Past perfect

Past tense Present Perfect tense • I walked for two hours Past • I have walked for two hours Present perfect

past tense and present perfect tense • The Past: • Regular forms (walked, trained) • Irregular forms (drank, wrote) Jack wrote a letter • The Present Perfect: • Have/has + Past participle • Have walked • Has trained • Have drunk • Has written Jack has written many letters

The Past • Is used for past events: • Short, quickly finished actions, • longer situations and • repeated events which are all over and done with; there is no connection with the present.

NEVER use a present perfect when: Time is given I met him yesterday. Time is asked about. When did you meet him? Time is implied. How did you get this job? (You now have the job. ) The event took place in a She lived in Rome when she period of time that has was a teenager. (She is now an adult. ) now ended. Past habits. They never drank wine. (But they do now. )

Present perfect • A mixture of the present and past • A strong link with the present • We want to say that something in the past is connected with the present in some way. • We are thinking of the past and the present at the same time. • But remember: the present perfect is used for PAST TIME.

• To say that something happened several times up to the present, or to say that something started in the past and still continues. • To ask if something has ever happened (or hasn’t happened) between a moment in the past, and now (the moment of speaking). I have had a cold for two weeks the past (two weeks ago) now Continuative present perfect

• To talk about the consequences / effects in the present of past actions I have wrecked my car. the past (the accident) I have to walk Resultativ e present perfect

Continuous forms • Past continuous • What were you doing at eight o’clock last evening? • Present perfect continuous • It’s been raining all week.

Past perfect • Last week I was travelling to The Hague by train. The conductor asked for my ticket. Fortunately I had bought one at the station. • asked = one step back into the past • had bought = two steps back into the past

Past perfect • Had + past participle (had played) • To indicate an activity that took place before another activity in the past. • I had studied for two hours when my best friend came round. 18. 00 hrs • 16. 00 hrs

Past Perfect • When I arrived at school I discovered I had forgotten my laptop. Past perfect had forgotten Past arrived This happened first This happened next (at home) (at school) NOW (at home again)

Past perfect continuous • I had been working in the garden since 6. 18 At ten to two I discovered some very unusual flowers. NOW had been working … discovered (past perfect continuous) (past simple) 18. 00 hrs

• I had heard it was a good film so we decided to go and see it. It’s a GREAT film, you must go and see it! NOW (Sunday) I had heard Monday) … (on So we decided …. (on Friday)

• It was getting late. I had been waiting there since one o’clock. I decided to leave. I had been waiting since one o’clock So I decided to leave.

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

• Any questions? • Homework: There will be a diagnostic test in week 1 of term 2. Study everything we have dealt with till now in preparation for that test.

Exercise (revision) • As a group, prepare a 5 -minute lesson on the topic you’ve been given. You have 20 minutes to do this. • Make sure you have: • • A good introduction. A good set of rules. Good sample sentences. If possible, a short exercise (You are allowed to use an exercise from the reader or from the book to check understanding)

• group 1 prepares simple/continuous form (present tense) • group 2 prepares past tense • group 3 prepares present perfect tense • group 4 prepares past perfect tense