Future Plasma Facing Components PFCs Invessel Components IVCs

Future Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) & In-vessel Components (IVCs): The Need for a Strong Sustained & Integrated Approach for Modeling and Testing R. E. Nygren Fusion Technology Department Sandia National Laboratories • Deputy Director, Virtual Laboratory for Technology • Member, Power Extraction Subpanel in HFP Presentation at the Re. Ne. W Joint Workshop 2 -6 March 2009 for themes of Harnessing Fusion Power and Taming the Plasma Interface 1/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration White Paper: Strong Sustained HHFC Modeling & Testing -under contract. Integrated DE-AC 04 -94 AL 85000.

OUTLINE § Gaps & Needs (“Greenwald” Panel) High Heat Flux Components include Plasma Facing Components and some In-Vessel Components § Compelling schedule for actively-cooled PFCs and IVCs § Proposal: emphasize and include strong sustained & well integrated program in technology in thrusts for PFCs, IVCs, PMI, Power Extraction, … others that starts now! 2/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

An HHFC Program – Guiding Principles § At each of the stages of development toward a DEMO there is a critical set of capabilities in fusion nuclear technology that need to be in place to proceed further. § Progress will occur through a well integrated program of computational models and benchmark experiments, (well instrumented) first in labs, later in dedicated facilities. § We (fusion) require authoritative information on technology to identify paths toward a successful DEMO. This in turn requires an understanding informed by in-depth studies of possible design alternatives and enabling technologies, integrated predictive modeling of PFC/IC performance, and supporting experiments. 3/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

“Greenwald” Panel Report Theme B. Taming the Plasma Material Interface: . . knowledge sufficient to design and build, with high confidence, 8. PWI: Understand control of all processes that couple the plasma and nearby materials. 9. PFCs: Understand. . materials and processes that can be used to design replaceable components that can survive. . 10. . . Other. . : . . necessary understanding of plasma interactions, neutron loading and materials to allow design of. . any other diagnostic equipment that can survive. . . “The themes were defined in terms of knowledge required prior to Demo. . based on sound scientific principles and rigorously tested in the lab so that the step to a [DEMO]. . taken with high confidence of success. ” “The Report also characterized PFCs and materials as “Tier 1 solution not in hand, major extrapolation. . ” 4/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

“Greenwald” Panel Report Theme C. Harnessing fusion power: knowledge. . sufficient to design and build, with high confidence, 11. Fuel Cycle: . . manage the flow of tritium. . . 12. Power: . . temperatures sufficiently high for efficient production of electricity or hydrogen. 13. Materials. . : Understand the basic materials science for fusion breeding blankets, structural components, plasma diagnostics and heating components. . high neutron fluence. . 14. Safety: Demonstrate. . safety …. minimize environmental burdens. . 15. RAMI [Reliability, Availability, Maintainability & Inspectability]: Demonstrate. . productive capacity …. validate economic assumptions …. 5/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

“Greenwald” Panel Report Finding 6. Evaluation of current and planned programs and summary of gaps …. . The most significant gaps were: G 1. …. G 2. … G-5. Ability to predict and avoid, or detect and mitigate, off -normal plasma events … G-9. Sufficient understanding of all plasma-wall interactions …. The science underlying the interaction of plasma and material needs to be significantly strengthened to. . G-10. Understanding of the use of low activation solid and liquid materials, joining technologies and cooling strategies. . . G-11. Understanding. . the complete fuel cycle, particularly. . G-12. An engineering science base. . effective removal of heat. . . G-13. Understanding. . low activation materials. . G-14. . . guarantee safety over the plant life cycle - including. . G-15. . . efficient maintainability of in-vessel components. . 6/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

“Greenwald” Panel Report Recommendation 4. . . nine major initiatives. I-1. . . predictive plasma modeling and validation. . , I-2. Extensions to ITER AT capabilities. . burning AT regimes I-3. Integrated advanced burning physics …facility. . dedicated I-5. . . disruption-free concepts. . performance extension device. . I-6. . . advanced computer modeling and laboratory testing. . single-effects science for major fusion technology issues, I-8. Component development/testing program … multi-effect issues in critical technology. . breeding/blanket. . first wall I-4. Integrated experiment for PWI/PFCs. . steady-state. . non-DT I-7. Materials qualification facility … (IFMIF). I-9. Component qualification facility. . high availability. . heat flux. . neutron fluence. . DT device. . (CTF). 7/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

Current Status of HHFC Program Excluding PMI and edge programs #1 Support ITER PFC design & R&D edge PFC & IVC operations modeling HHFC PMI modeling & testing 2. Support physics missions of existing, upgraded and new US confinement experiments. current need but little R&D [NSTX Liquid Li divertor is really PMI] gap: program organization; integration with machines; test capabilities (He, probes, disruption simulation) and develop component fabrication processes, QA, and operation. MAU excellent relations with IPO, IP, DAs; US R&D & testing (for all DAs) ongoing; US role in design expanding; valuable insight into design/machine interfaces gap: test capabilities (old & frail); design integration & interfaces; participation in divertor R&D 3. Develop and prove robust PFCs for future confinement devices. limited but sustained work on He cooled W and on liquid surfaces gap: expanded test capabilities; stronger integrated modeling; test capabilities (He, liq. met. ) DLY 8/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

- design ürobust actively-cooled confirmation PFCs & IVCs [modeling, § component testing] development - fabrication Integrated with PMI models & tests, (? dev. ) § extensive edge modeling, and operations instrumentati - QA & acceptance on An HHFC Program to address the gaps § Well integrated technology program: § Supporting HHF tests & other experiments: § Comprehensive confirmed predictive models: § Development of instrumentation: 9/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

- design ürobust actively-cooled confirmation PFCs & IVCs [modeling, § component testing] development - fabrication Integrated with PMI models & tests, (? dev. ) § extensive edge modeling, and operations instrumentati - QA & acceptance on An HHFC Program to address the gaps § Well integrated technology program: support ongoing physics missions and future devices with strong integration and coordination with devices, PMI and edge. § Supporting HHF tests & other experiments: DIII-D, C-MOD, NSTX, confirm performance and enable deployment Upgrades, ITER, CTF, DEM of new PFCs & IVCs § Comprehensive confirmed predictive models: PMI, edge plasmas, thermal-hydraulics, materials behavior § Development of instrumentation: needed for safe operation and to evaluate performance; “smart tiles, ” actively-cooled PFCs and IVCs (and TBMs, etc. ) 10/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

- design ürobust actively-cooled confirmation PFCs & IVCs [modeling, § component testing] development - fabrication Integrated with PMI models & tests, (? dev. ) § extensive edge modeling, and operations instrumentati - QA & acceptance on An HHFC Program to address the gaps § Comprehensive and predictive models: PMI, edge plasmas, TH & mat’ls behavior § Supporting HHF & other experiments: confirm performance, enable deployment of new PFCs/IVCs in & future devices § Well integrated technology program: support ongoing physics missions and future devices … § Development of instrumentation: actively-cooled PFCs/IVCs (+TBMs, . . ), Partnership of modelers & experimenters & PFC users e. g. , critical roles of test design and measurements Technologists understand machine interfaces & req’mts Existing “work horse” lab facilities need upgrades, expansion and support “smart tiles”, probes, … 11/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

- design ürobust actively-cooled confirmation PFCs & IVCs [modeling, § component testing] development - fabrication Integrated with PMI models & tests, (? dev. ) § extensive edge modeling, and operations instrumentati - QA & acceptance on An HHFC Program to address the gaps Fundamental Point 1: HHFC R&D is challenging & time-consuming. It requires strong coordination with confinement projects on interfaces and with industrial suppliers on fabrication development, QA and acceptance. 12/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

- design ürobust actively-cooled confirmation PFCs & IVCs [modeling, § component testing] development - fabrication Integrated with PMI models & tests, (? dev. ) § extensive edge modeling, and operations instrumentati - QA & acceptance on § ~25 y - fusion-specific Fundamental Point 1: water-cooled heat sinks HHFC R&D is challenging & time-consuming. § ~15 y - ITER PFC R&D § ~10 y detailed R&D It requires strong coordination § ITER design changing with confinement projects on interfaces § ~ 4 y FWQ mockups and with industrial suppliers on fabrication § ? US vendors engaged development, QA and acceptance. § 3 -5 y final design to fab An HHFC Program to address the gaps Tore Supra water cooled PFCs § modular limiters in 1990 s failed § very good history working closely with Plansee on fabrication § yet still had quality problems § rebuilt PFCs - CIEL completed 2002 13/18 FWQM Testing Status US & EU Mockups Date: End of May 8, 2008 Cycles Completed: 3447 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

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We develop PFCs usingle effects tests Testing Hierarchy ITER & CTF for “integrated” tests. HHFC/PMI facilities for single & multiple effects. These “work horse” lab facilities will continue and need upgrades, expansion & sustained support. J. Linke et al. , JNM 367– 370 (2007) 1422– 1431 15/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

- design ürobust actively-cooled confirmation PFCs & IVCs [modeling, § component testing] development - fabrication Integrated with PMI models & tests, (? dev. ) § extensive edge modeling, and operations instrumentati - QA & acceptance on An HHFC Program to address the gaps Fundamental Point 2: A strong well integrated HHFC program (near term) could enable new PFCs and IVCs in upgrades for longer shots, higher power or hot walls. Consider deploying He-cooled probes or guards to postpone water cooling. Cooling with room temperature He (not high T, lower density) is a less challenging adaption of the technology. 16/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

- design ürobust actively-cooled confirmation PFCs & IVCs [modeling, § component testing] development - fabrication Integrated with PMI models & tests, (? dev. ) § extensive edge modeling, and operations instrumentati - QA & acceptance on An HHFC Program to address the gaps Fundamental Point 2: A strong well integrated HHFC program (near term) could enable new PFCs and IVCs in upgrades for longer shots, higher power or hot walls. Consider deploying He-cooled probes or guards to postpone water cooling. Cooling with room temperature He (not high T, lower density) is a less challenging adaption of the technology. Heat pipes and helium cooling technology have both progressed significantly in the last decade. 17/18 US He-cooled PFC target >20 MW/m 2 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

Compelling schedule for actively-cooled HHFCs Tokamak/AT Focus: 1. tokamak divertors 2. solid surface PFCs 3. present/ITER-DEMO gap Alternates Other: 4. alternates 5. liquid surface 6. other fusion pathways Non-electric or hybrid applications 18/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

Re. Ne. W PFCs Tokamak/AT DEMO-A DEMO-B divertor ITER divertor JET JT-60 UDIII-D C-MOD ASDEX-U TEXTOR ? ? ? Tore Supra TFTR Alternates ? ? ? /CTF MAST NSTX ? ? ? LHD Wendelstein W 7 X ? ? ? primary alternate ? ? ? Non-electric or hybrid applications 19/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

Re. Ne. W PFCs Tokamak/AT JT-60 UDIII-D C-MOD ASDEX-U TEXTOR DEMO-A DEMO-B divertor ITER divertor JET ? ? ? §? ? ? D/T plasma Tore Supra §solid surface TFTR §long pulse §good efficiency §high availability §damage resistance Alternates §? liquid surface NSTX ? ? primary ? ? ? alternate LHD ? ? ? W 7 X MAST Wendelstein ? ? ? Non-electric of hybrid applications 20/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

Re. Ne. W PFCs GAP 1 GAP 2 Tokamak/AT JET JT-60 UDIII-D C-MOD ITER divertor ? ? ? §D/T plasma §? ? ? solid surface Tore Supra §long pulse TFTR ASDEX-U TEXTOR DEMO-A DEMO-B divertor §good efficiency §high availability §damage resistance Alternates §? liquid surface NSTX ? ? primary ? ? ? §tritium retention alternate LHD §active §high temperature ? ? ? cooling W 7 X §high reliability Wendelstein §neutron damage MAST Non-electric of hybrid applications 21/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

Re. Ne. W PFCs GAP 1 GAP 2 Tokamak/AT JET JT-60 UDIII-D C-MOD ITER divertor ? ? ? ASDEX-U §D/T plasma TEXTOR §? ? ? solid surface Tore Supra §long pulse TFTR ? ? ? /CTF DEMO-A DEMO-B divertor §good efficiency §high availability §damage resistance Alternates §? liquid surface NSTX ? ? primary ? ? ? §tritium retention alternate LHD §active cooling ? ? ? §high temperature W 7 X §high reliability Wendelstein §neutron damage MAST Non-electric of hybrid applications 22/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

Re. Ne. W PFCs GAP 1 GAP 2 Tokamak/AT ITER divertor JT-60 UDIII-D ? ? ? or C-MOD ASDEX-U upgrade §D/T plasma TEXTOR §? ? ? solid surface actively cooled Torelaunchers, Supra §long pulse TFTR probes (IVCs) ? ? ? /CTF JET DEMO-A DEMO-B divertor §good efficiency §high availability §damage resistance Alternates MAST engineering instrumentation §? liquid surface NSTX §tritium? ? ? retention LHD §active cooling ? ? ? W 7 X Wendelstein ? ? primary alternate §high temperature §high reliability §neutron damage Non-electric of hybrid applications Analog thinker in a digital age. 23/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

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An HHFC Program – Guiding Principles § At each of the stages of development toward a DEMO there is a critical set of capabilities in fusion nuclear technology that need to be in place to proceed further. § Progress will occur through a well integrated program of computational models and benchmark experiments, (well instrumented) first in labs, later in dedicated facilities. § We (fusion) require authoritative information on technology to identify paths toward a successful DEMO. This in turn requires an understanding informed by in-depth studies of possible design alternatives and enabling technologies, integrated predictive modeling of PFC/IC performance, and supporting experiments. 25/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

An HHFC Program – Guiding Principles We will need to proceed through several stages of readiness in PFCs, ICs and all of FNST to build a DEMO. 1 st stage development: minimum set of capabilities to support the understanding of science-based engineering principles § Experimental facilities with hot fluids and hot walls and adequate instrumentation § Integrated computational models § Appropriate materials § Appropriate experience with design integration and safety 26/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --

An HHFC Program – Guiding Principles The first level of readiness enables the following activities: § Development of PFCs and In-vessel Components for upgrades and new devices § Preparation of initial integrated experiments in ITER, i. e. , TBMs and appropriate instrumentation § Serious evaluations of possible designs for a CTF-type device and for the supporting effort to develop components § Decisions about successful paths for future devices (e. g. , upgrades, D/D and D/T CTFs and DEMO) 27/18 RE Nygren Re. Ne. W White Paper: Strong Sustained Integrated HHFC Modeling & Testing --