Five sisters a k a Italian organized crime

Five sisters a. k. a. Italian organized crime 12. 7. 2012 Petr Kupka

„Five sisters“ Campania – Camorra Puglia – Puglian criminal structures (Sacra Corona Unita) Basilicata – Basilischi (´Ndrangheta) Calabria ´Ndrangheta Sicilia – Mafia/Cosa Nostra 2

Criminal systems or organizations? 3

Cosa Nostra: prologue • Existence of Mafia has been just suspected until 1970´s (mentality vs. organization) • Tomasso Buscetta – pentito (witness „insider“) • local (control of territory) – national (penetration of state institutions) – international level (drug trade) • Honor = loyalty and confidentionality (initiations rituals); spirituality = honor • Murder as a strategy of power enforcement Patriarchal systém of organization • Secret societies = political function of middle 4 class

Cosa Nostra: historical excursion • Sicily – colonial domination until 1860´s • Gabelloti (leaseholders), briganti (brigands), malandrini (thiefs), mafiossi (members of secret societies) • Citrus fruits as a main article of business • Revolt and riots in the 19 th century = societal and economical opportunity • Modern bureaucratic institutions vs. Criminal gangs vs. New bussines companie vs. Political cliques • Violence as a service sector; maffioso – violence „expert“; pizzo – payment for protection

Cosa Nostra: paradigm of complexity (Santino 2003) • Permanent structural phenomenon • • • Società mafiogena: Violence and illegality as a strategy of survival, Violence and illegality are not punished, Weak legal economy to offer an alternative State and institutions seem to be unattainable and are achievable through • Negligible societal response

Cosa Nostra: vývojové fáze (Santino 2003) • Incubation phase (16 th-19 th cent. ) – Sicily as a semiperiphery characterized by violence oligopoly divided between state and power of barons • Agrarian phase (mid 19 th-cent. – mid 20 th-cent. ) – mafia as an expression of middle class; cooperation vs. competition with landlords; role of mafia during debarkation of Allies in 1943 • Urban-enterpreneurial phase (50´s-60´s) – emigration to USA; speculation in the real estate market; mafia as state bourgeoisie; international contacts • Financial phase (70´s – 2006) – drug trade and legalization and cumulation of finance through financial sector, power struggles in Cupollla, visibility • New mafia (after 2006) – „Corleone“ family defeat, effect of LAE succes, question of power distribution on Sicily

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´Ndrangheta: prologue • Andragathia – masculinity, Andragathia Regio – region • Reason and effect of Calabria backwardness • Vertical form of management was never adopted • „The ubiquitous structure lacking strategic direction, but characterized by organic intelligence “ (DIA)

´Ndrangheta “ • Legend „Osso, Mastrosso a Carcagnosso - società Garduna di Toledo“ • • Predeterminants of creation first´ndrine and honorable society Confino – person accused of memebership in mafia, who is enforced to move from the original region 1884 – word „mafia“ used in the context of confino to describe the Calabrian society Farmers, shepherds and artisans poverty and fear Chudoba a strach farmářů, pastýřů a řemeslníků 2 leverls of power: protection + extortion and control of electorate

´Ndrangheta: schism • Interwar period – agriculture; infiltration within the state administration • Re-organization ´ndrine deliberated of political interests – pizzo as a key element of business – criminalization of organization • Afterwar period – robberies, extortions • Transformation process connected with regional industrialization, urbanization and entertainment industry • Since 60´s attempts to monopolize all economical opportunities in Calabria + accumulation of capital through extortion, kiddnapings and drug trade • Since 70´s costruction industry and public contracts

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´Ndrangheta – structure • horizontal – criminal clan (locale), created by two and more families (´ndrine) • La Santa – since 70´s autonomous elite; new rituals, new positions and less members; La Santa is not hierarchically superior • Foundation by´ndrine Piromalli (Gioia Tauro) a De Stefano (Regio Calabria) • Direct contacts to masonery

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´Ndrangheta: pax mafiosa • 1974 -1979 First faida; power equilibrium • 1970 -1988 Kidnappings era • 80´s – no more support for politicians; putting ´Ndrangheta´s own persons into the political system • 1984 -1991 Second faida (Regio Calabria) • 1991 – creation of every-year elected position „capo-crimine“ (mediation of internal conflicts)

Camorra: prologue • Development in poor neighborhoods around Napoli • Gumurra – red cloth coat brought to Naples by Hispano-Serbian businessmen from Sardinia in the period of Spanish domination • Prison as a social market • Initial rituals inspired by catholicism 19

Camorra: historický exkurz • 1820 – foundation of Bella Società Riformata (social function) • First research in 1863 • After 1861 problems with high crime rates and malavita (underground) – government representatives found a „special force“ of camorristi in order to have low class under control because of potential rebellion = institutionalization of criminal social 20 control

Camorra: the offspring of AMGOT and sicilian mafia • Exploitation of malavita against fascist regime • Era of Pascalone 'e Nola (Pasquale Simonetti and „first lady of Camorra“ Pupetta Maresca) • 70. léta – Nuova Camorra Organizzata (NCO; Raffaele Cutolo) vs. Nuova Famiglia (Zaza, Nuvoletta, Alfieri atd. ) + Cosa Nostra (!) 21

Camorra: Nuova Camorra Organizzata • • • Raffaele Cutolo – „the professor“ Recovery of camorra principles Prison as a key social space Startegy – visibility Limited control of territory In oppostion to the Nuova Famiglia

Camorra: Casalesi • One of the most influential clan in Campania • Other structures: Alleanza di Secondigliano, Nuvoletta, Di Lauro • Michele a Pasqaule Zagaria, Antonio Iovine • „trinity“ of leaders (criminal, politican, businessman) • Limited social mobility • Perceived as „dirty Camorra“ until publication of book „Gomorra“

Apulijský zločinecký systém • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hj. Qd. Uk LCce 0&feature=related • Mafia del Gargano – pastoral type of mafia • Nuova Grande Camorra Pugliese – Cutolo • Sacra Corona Unita – founded as an answer to NGCP – puglian criminal identity; question of existence; smuggling; legitimacy got by ´Ndrangheta • Several clans „undocked“ in criminal 27 netowrks (Parisi, La Rossa)

Basilischi • Fifth mafia - 2007 • Legitimacy got by ´Ndranghety (clan Belloco) in 1994 • Basilicata perceived as a silent oasis • Beggining of criminal activities after 1980 eathquake • Prisons in Lucania perceived as a „universities of crime“ (prisoners for Sicily, Calabria, Puglia, Campania)

Thank you for your attention!