EXPERIMENTS DATA ANALYSIS MEASUREMENT SCALES NOMINAL SCALES Use
![EXPERIMENTS: DATA ANALYSIS EXPERIMENTS: DATA ANALYSIS](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-1.jpg)
![MEASUREMENT SCALES MEASUREMENT SCALES](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-2.jpg)
![NOMINAL SCALES Use of numbers to name or categorize § Ex: § driver’s license NOMINAL SCALES Use of numbers to name or categorize § Ex: § driver’s license](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-3.jpg)
![ORDINAL SCALES Numbers represent serial position § Ex: § Class Rank § age ORDINAL SCALES Numbers represent serial position § Ex: § Class Rank § age](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-4.jpg)
![INTERVAL SCALES Equally spaced measurement units § Ex: § Fahrenheit temperature § Personality Scales INTERVAL SCALES Equally spaced measurement units § Ex: § Fahrenheit temperature § Personality Scales](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-5.jpg)
![RATIO SCALES Interval scale with true zero § Ex: § Pounds § Kelvin scale RATIO SCALES Interval scale with true zero § Ex: § Pounds § Kelvin scale](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-6.jpg)
![FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-7.jpg)
![FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Organization of data by the number of times a score occurs per FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Organization of data by the number of times a score occurs per](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-8.jpg)
![FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Pie Graph Histogram FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Pie Graph Histogram](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-9.jpg)
![FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Polygon-frequency data with line drawn from point to plotted point Line graph-indicates FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Polygon-frequency data with line drawn from point to plotted point Line graph-indicates](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-10.jpg)
![STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-11.jpg)
![DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Organization of data for communication/understanding Central tendency: § composite numbers describing the DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Organization of data for communication/understanding Central tendency: § composite numbers describing the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-12.jpg)
![CENTRAL TENDENCY Mean § Arithmetic average of a set of scores Median § Score CENTRAL TENDENCY Mean § Arithmetic average of a set of scores Median § Score](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-13.jpg)
![LET’S CONSIDER THE DATA…. Miss Dryer gives a practice test, and the scores were LET’S CONSIDER THE DATA…. Miss Dryer gives a practice test, and the scores were](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-14.jpg)
![MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Tells us how much variation, or “spread” there is in the MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Tells us how much variation, or “spread” there is in the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-15.jpg)
![CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENTS Describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables § CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENTS Describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables §](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-16.jpg)
![CORRELATIONS Positive Correlation § Two variables change in the same direction (as X increases, CORRELATIONS Positive Correlation § Two variables change in the same direction (as X increases,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-17.jpg)
![THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION When most of the scores fall in the middle of a THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION When most of the scores fall in the middle of a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-18.jpg)
![SKEWED DISTRIBUTION SKEWED DISTRIBUTION](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-19.jpg)
![INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Used to reach conclusions beyond immediate test data The t test § INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Used to reach conclusions beyond immediate test data The t test §](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-20.jpg)
![STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT Possibility that the differences in results between the experimental and control groups STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT Possibility that the differences in results between the experimental and control groups](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-21.jpg)
![INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Statistically significant: § High probability that research results are not due to INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Statistically significant: § High probability that research results are not due to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-22.jpg)
![PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest standard PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest standard](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-23.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-24.jpg)
- Slides: 24
![EXPERIMENTS DATA ANALYSIS EXPERIMENTS: DATA ANALYSIS](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-1.jpg)
EXPERIMENTS: DATA ANALYSIS
![MEASUREMENT SCALES MEASUREMENT SCALES](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-2.jpg)
MEASUREMENT SCALES
![NOMINAL SCALES Use of numbers to name or categorize Ex drivers license NOMINAL SCALES Use of numbers to name or categorize § Ex: § driver’s license](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-3.jpg)
NOMINAL SCALES Use of numbers to name or categorize § Ex: § driver’s license § Student Number
![ORDINAL SCALES Numbers represent serial position Ex Class Rank age ORDINAL SCALES Numbers represent serial position § Ex: § Class Rank § age](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-4.jpg)
ORDINAL SCALES Numbers represent serial position § Ex: § Class Rank § age
![INTERVAL SCALES Equally spaced measurement units Ex Fahrenheit temperature Personality Scales INTERVAL SCALES Equally spaced measurement units § Ex: § Fahrenheit temperature § Personality Scales](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-5.jpg)
INTERVAL SCALES Equally spaced measurement units § Ex: § Fahrenheit temperature § Personality Scales
![RATIO SCALES Interval scale with true zero Ex Pounds Kelvin scale RATIO SCALES Interval scale with true zero § Ex: § Pounds § Kelvin scale](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-6.jpg)
RATIO SCALES Interval scale with true zero § Ex: § Pounds § Kelvin scale
![FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-7.jpg)
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
![FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Organization of data by the number of times a score occurs per FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Organization of data by the number of times a score occurs per](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-8.jpg)
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Organization of data by the number of times a score occurs per data point
![FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Pie Graph Histogram FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Pie Graph Histogram](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-9.jpg)
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Pie Graph Histogram
![FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Polygonfrequency data with line drawn from point to plotted point Line graphindicates FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Polygon-frequency data with line drawn from point to plotted point Line graph-indicates](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-10.jpg)
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Polygon-frequency data with line drawn from point to plotted point Line graph-indicates changes that occur between variables
![STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-11.jpg)
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
![DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Organization of data for communicationunderstanding Central tendency composite numbers describing the DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Organization of data for communication/understanding Central tendency: § composite numbers describing the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-12.jpg)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Organization of data for communication/understanding Central tendency: § composite numbers describing the distribution of scores
![CENTRAL TENDENCY Mean Arithmetic average of a set of scores Median Score CENTRAL TENDENCY Mean § Arithmetic average of a set of scores Median § Score](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-13.jpg)
CENTRAL TENDENCY Mean § Arithmetic average of a set of scores Median § Score falling midpoint among all the scores ordinally ranked Mode § Most frequently occurring score or data point
![LETS CONSIDER THE DATA Miss Dryer gives a practice test and the scores were LET’S CONSIDER THE DATA…. Miss Dryer gives a practice test, and the scores were](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-14.jpg)
LET’S CONSIDER THE DATA…. Miss Dryer gives a practice test, and the scores were as follows… What is our…. § Mean? § 7 § Median? § 7 § Mode? 9, 8, 9, 7, 4, 10, 7, 6, 8, 7, 7, 2, 8, 3 § 7
![MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Tells us how much variation or spread there is in the MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Tells us how much variation, or “spread” there is in the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-15.jpg)
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Tells us how much variation, or “spread” there is in the group of scores Range: § Difference between the lowest and highest scores Standard Deviation: § Measures the average difference between each score and the mean of the data set.
![CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENTS Describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENTS Describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables §](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-16.jpg)
CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENTS Describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables § The sign (+ or -) describes direction § The numerical value (r) can vary from -1. 00 to +1. 00. The larger the (r), the stronger the relationship
![CORRELATIONS Positive Correlation Two variables change in the same direction as X increases CORRELATIONS Positive Correlation § Two variables change in the same direction (as X increases,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-17.jpg)
CORRELATIONS Positive Correlation § Two variables change in the same direction (as X increases, so does Y) and vice versa Negative Correlation § Two variables change in opposite directions (as X increases, Y decreases) and vice versa
![THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION When most of the scores fall in the middle of a THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION When most of the scores fall in the middle of a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-18.jpg)
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION When most of the scores fall in the middle of a distribution § With few extreme scores § Mean, median, and mode all have the same value
![SKEWED DISTRIBUTION SKEWED DISTRIBUTION](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-19.jpg)
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
![INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Used to reach conclusions beyond immediate test data The t test INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Used to reach conclusions beyond immediate test data The t test §](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-20.jpg)
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Used to reach conclusions beyond immediate test data The t test § Examines difference between Means § Did difference occur… § Due to chance? § Due to IV? Teachers may use to compare class data
![STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT Possibility that the differences in results between the experimental and control groups STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT Possibility that the differences in results between the experimental and control groups](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-21.jpg)
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT Possibility that the differences in results between the experimental and control groups could have occurred by chance is no more than 5 percent Must be at least 95% certain the differences between the groups is due to the independent variable
![INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Statistically significant High probability that research results are not due to INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Statistically significant: § High probability that research results are not due to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-22.jpg)
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Statistically significant: § High probability that research results are not due to chance § Typically 5%, or. 05
![PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest standard PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest standard](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-23.jpg)
PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest standard deviation? § 5, 7, 9, 12 § 2, 7, 9, 22 § 25, 27, 29, 32 § 50, 51, 52, 53 § 100, 101, 102, 103
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ccd4a539f15bf6159ea673394a092a75/image-24.jpg)
Primary scale of measurement
Example of nominal questions
Types of error in measurement
Measurement and scaling
Types of scales in educational measurement
Marketing measurement scales
Scales of data
Types of measurement in research
Primary scales of measurement in marketing research
Types of measurement scales
Marketing measurement scales
Property of moreness
4 measurement scales
4 measurement scales
Nominal measurement
Nn torrent
What measurement does a graduated cylinder use
Ordinal vs nominal
Examples of ordinal data
Nominal attribute in data mining
Data reduction in data mining
Wonder taste
Test your hypothesis
Observational study examples statistics
1980-1896