Essentials of Sociology A DownToEarth Approach TWELFTH EDITION

Essentials of Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach TWELFTH EDITION Chapter 15 Social Change and the Environment Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Objectives (1 of 3) 15. 1 Summarize how social change transforms society; include the four social revolutions, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, capitalism, social movements, and global politics 15. 2 Summarize theories of social change: social evolution, natural cycles, conflict over power and resources, and Ogburn’s theory Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Objectives (2 of 3) 15. 3 Use the examples of the automobile and the microchip to illustrate the sociological significance of technology; include changes in ideology, norms, human relationships, education, work, business, war, and social inequality Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Objectives (3 of 3) 15. 4 Explain how industrialization is related to environmental problems; contrast the environmental movement and environmental sociology; discuss the goal of harmony Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 1 How Social Change Transforms Social Life (1 of 8) • The Four Social Revolutions • From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft • The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism • Social Movements • Conflict, Power, and Global Politics Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 1 How Social Change Transforms Social Life (2 of 8) The evolution of societies has been so thorough that this scene —once common for all humanity —has become strange, exotic. Our type of society, too, will be replaced by some new type yet to appear. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 1 How Social Change Transforms Social Life (3 of 8) The Protestant Reformation ushered in not only religious change but also, as Max Weber analyzed, fundamental change in economics. This painting by Johann Zoffany from about 1775 is of Sir Lawrence Dundas, a Scottish merchant. Note the wealth that he enjoyed. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 1 How Social Change Transforms Social Life (4 of 8) Table 15. 1 Comparing Traditional and Industrialized (and Information) Societies Characteristics Traditional Societies Industrialized (and Information) Societies Social change Slow Rapid Size of group Small Large Religious orientation More Less Education Informal Formal Place of residence Rural Urban Family size Larger Smaller Infant mortality High Low Life expectancy Short Long General Characteristics Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 1 How Social Change Transforms Social Life (5 of 8) Table 15. 1 Comparing Traditional and Industrialized (and Information) Societies Characteristics Traditional Societies Industrialized (and Information) Societies Health care Home Hospital Temporal orientation Past Future Demographic transition First stage Third stage (or Fourth) Material Relations No Yes Technology Simple Complex Division of labor Little Extensive Income Low High Material possessions Few Many Material Relations Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 1 How Social Change Transforms Social Life (6 of 8) Table 15. 1 Comparing Traditional and Industrialized (and Information) Societies Characteristics Traditional Societies Industrialized (and Information) Societies Basic organization Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft Families Extended Nuclear Respect for elders More Less Social stratification Rigid More open Social mobility Little Much Statuses More ascribed More achieved Gender equality Less More View of morals Absolute Relativistic Social control Informal Formal Tolerance of differences Less More Social Relationships Norms Source: By the author. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 1 How Social Change Transforms Social Life (7 of 8) Each year, the leaders of the world’s eight most powerful nations meet in a secluded place to make world controlling decisions. And each year, protesters demonstrate near the site. This photo was taken at G 8’s 2013 meeting in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 1 How Social Change Transforms Social Life (8 of 8) To maintain global power requires the continuous development of weapons. Shown here is the Osprey. This versatile aircraft lands and takes off like a helicopter; once airborne, its wingtips go vertical, and it flies like an airplane. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 2 Theories and Processes of Social Change (1 of 4) • Evolution from Lower to Higher • Natural Cycles • Conflict over Power and Resources • Ogburn’s Theory Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 2 Theories and Processes of Social Change (2 of 4) Despite the globe’s vast social change, people all over the world continue to make race a fundamental distinction. Shown here is a Ukrainian being measured to see if he is really “full lipped” enough to be called a Tartar. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 15. 1 Marx’s Model of Historical Change Source: By the author. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 2 Theories and Processes of Social Change (3 of 4) Table 15. 2 Ogburn’s Processes of Social Change Process of Change What It Is Examples Social Changes Invention Combination of existing elements to form new ones 1. Cars 2. Microchip 3. Graphite composites 1. Urban sprawl and long commutes to work 2. Telecommuting and cyber warfare 3. New types of building construction Discovery New way of seeing some aspect of the world 1. Columbus— North America 2. Gold in California 3. DNA 1. Realignment of global power 2. Westward expansion of the U. S. 3. Positive identification of criminals Diffusion Spread of an invention or discovery 1. Airplanes 2. Money 3. Condom 1. Global tourism 2. Global trade 3. Smaller families Note: For each example, there are many changes. For some of the changes ushered in by the automobile and microchip, see pages 492– 497. You can also see that any particular change, such as global trade, depends not just on one item but also on several preceding changes. Source: By the author. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 2 Theories and Processes of Social Change (4 of 4) Diffusion is the spread of an invention or discovery from one group or area to another. The technological revolution based on the microchip has become global, changing behaviors, relationships, and ideas. To register to vote, this Maasai woman in a remote area of Kenya is having her fingerprints taken by biometric equipment. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (1 of 9) • Extending Human Abilities • The Sociological Significance of Technology • When Old Technology Was New: The Impact of the Automobile • The New Technology: The Microchip and Social Life • Cyberspace and Social Inequality Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (2 of 9) Do you know what that large object in the center of the photo is? In the 1920 s, 30 s, and 40 s, middle-class families would gather in the living room after dinner and listen to the radio. (It was a sit-down dinner served by the wife and assisted by the daughters. ) Can you see how technology is influencing this 1940 s family? How about yourself? Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (3 of 9) In the photo on the left, Henry Ford proudly displays his 1905 car, the latest in automobile technology. As is apparent, especially from the spokes on the car’s wheels, new technology builds on existing technology. At the time this photo was taken, who could have imagined that this vehicle would transform society? The photo on the right is a concept car designed in China. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (4 of 9) From this 1946 photo, you can see how computers have changed. This is the ENIAC, the world’s first computer, which weighed 30 tons, was eight feet high, three feet deep, and 100 feet long. Most cell phones have more computing power than this monstrosity. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (5 of 9) The microchip is transforming our lives—the way we shop, spend our leisure, relate to one another, and, as shown here, the way we learn. With a computer projecting a three dimensional image of the inside of a frog, students don’t have to dissect real frogs. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (6 of 9) This bike actually flies—thanks to six horizontal propellers and a battery-powered motor. Changing technology changes not only the way we do things, such as travel, but also the way we think about life and the self and the way we relate to others. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (7 of 9) This military command post is in South Korea, with both U. S. and South Korean personnel. South Korea and North Korea accuse one another of attacking the other’s communication systems. Each accusation is likely true. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (8 of 9) The offspring of the microchip— from computers to cell phones— offer access to vast information and efficiency of communication, manufacturing, and transportation. Will this fundamental change bring greater equality to the world’s nations? This photo was taken in Cambodia. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 3 How Technology Is Changing Our Lives (9 of 9) The MQ-1 Predator. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (1 of 9) • Environmental Problems and Industrialization • The Environmental Movement • Environmental Sociology • Technology and the Environment: The Goal of Harmony Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (2 of 9) • Sumatran Tiger – Fewer than 400, Indonesia • Texas Ocelot – Fewer than 250, southern United States, northern Mexico Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (3 of 9) • Mountain Bongo – About 50, Kenya • Gaur – About 36, 000, Southeast Asia Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (4 of 9) Pollution in the Industrializing Nations has become a major problem. The air in Beijing is hazardous to health. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 15. 2 The Worst Hazardous Waste Sites SOURCE: By the author. Based on Environmental Protection Agency 2013. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 15. 3 Acid Rain Source: By the author. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (5 of 9) Maldives Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (6 of 9) A member of the Uru-Eu. Wau-Wau tribe in Brazil. The way of life of the world’s few remaining rain forest tribes is threatened. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (7 of 9) These tree-sitters are being forcibly removed. They were protesting the environmental damage that the construction of a stadium on the University of California-Berkeley campus would cause. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (8 of 9) Pollution in the Least Industrialized Nations has become a major problem. These children in the Philippines are scavenging floating waste in Manila Bay. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LO 15. 4 The Growth Machine versus the Earth (9 of 9) The social movement that centers on the environment has become global. In all nations, people are concerned about the destruction of the earth’s resources. This photo is a sign of changing times. Instead of jumping on this beached whale and carving it into pieces, these Brazilians are doing their best to save its life. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved