Department of Energy Office of Science DOE High

Department of Energy Office of Science DOE High Energy Physics Briefing to the Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee Kathy Turner Office of High Energy Physics DOE Office of Science See www. science. doe. gov/hep/index. shtm Oct. 12, 2006

Department of Energy DOE Office of High Energy Physics (HEP) Office of Science $717 M in FY 06 Ø Understand the unification of fundamental particles and forces and the mysterious forms of unseen energy and matter that dominate the universe Ø Search for possible new dimensions of space Ø Investigate the nature of time itself. Includes the understanding of the connections between the physics of elementary particles and the physics that determines the structure of the universe, leading to the investigation of very high energy cosmic acceleration mechanisms HEP Office supports 90% of U. S. High Energy Physics and coordinates with NSF, NASA and international efforts

Department of Energy DOE Office of High Energy Physics (HEP) Office of Science ü Accelerator-based physics is our primary tool. ü Non-accelerator physics – growing and important sector Atmospheric and solar neutrinos: Super. K, Kam. LAND, SNO + R&D for future Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology to study dark matter, dark energy, high energy cosmic rays, high energy gamma rays Currently: GLAST, Auger, VERITAS, SDSS, CDMS-II, AMS, AXION + R&D for future

Department of Energy DOE High Energy Physics up 8% in FY 2007 President’s Budget Request Office of Science ($M)

Department of Energy HEP budget up 8% in the FY 2007 Request. Office of Science • International Linear Collider R&D Doubled: from $30 M to $60 M • Full operations at Fermilab Tevatron and SLAC B Factory • Preparing for LHC operations – Detector commissioning/computers/software up 5% in FY 2007 – US participation in collaboration up: CMS is ~ 30% US participants; ATLAS ~ 25%. • Dark Energy funding up by ~ $10 M from $3 M. • Advanced Accelerator R&D $28 M -> $33 M • Core research program at the universities up ~5%. • Neutrinos: Preliminary engineering design for an electron neutrino appearance experiment at Fermilab and Construction start for Reactor Neutrino Experiment at Daya Bay (China)

Department of Energy Non-Accelerator Physics Funding ($k) Project Funds fy 03 VERITAS -Auger 1, 230 AMS 1, 500 CDMS 790 GLAST/LAT 8, 501 Reactor Neutrino fy 04 fy 05 1, 600 2, 050 1, 000 ---550 -7, 900 11, 421 fy 06 1, 149 ----- R&D fy 03 SNAP 3, 065 Generic Dark Energy fy 04 2, 950 fy 06 2, 900 fy 05 2, 762 President’s Request fy 07 -----3, 000 fy 07 7, 500 5, 000 Scientific Research (operating budget) labs 16, 384 19, 713 21, 434 27, 784 25, 957 univ. 12, 300 13, 565 15, 871 18, 320 17, 760 TOTAL 44 M 47 M 54 M Office of Science 50 M ~59 M

Department of Energy DOE Office of Science – FY 07 budget status Office of Science • The Administration requested $4, 101. 7 million for the Office of Science for FY 2007, an increase of 14. 1% over the current budget of $3, 596. 4 million See http: //www. aip. org/fyi/2006/022. html • The House-passed bill would provide $4, 131. 7 million, an increase of 14. 1% over the current budget plus an additional $30 million for earmarked projects. See http: //www. aip. org/fyi/2006/068. html • The Senate's version would provide $4, 241. 1 million, an increase of 16. 6% plus an additional $48. 6 million for earmarks. Office of HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS: • Current budget: $716. 7 million • Administration request: $775. 1 million (Up 8. 1% over the current • budget) • House bill: $775. 1 million (Up 8. 1%) • Senate bill: $766. 8 million (Up 7. 0%) We are now on a Continuing Resolution until a budget is passed.

Department of Energy Relevant Advisory Panels Office of Science HEPAP (High Energy Physics Advisory Panel) – reports to DOE and NSF AAAC (Astronomy & Astrophysics Advisory Committee) – reports to DOE, NASA, NSF Subpanels Task Force for CMB Research (TFCR) Reports to HEPAP & AAAC Topic(s) Reports Due/Approved Roadmap future initiatives Oct 2005 P 5 HEPAP Roadmap new initiatives Final Draft Oct. 2006 Neutrino Science Advisory Group HEPAP & NSAC Double Beta Decay Exp’ts Reactor and off-axis expt’s Sept 2005 Feb 2006 Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) HEPAP & AAAC Roadmap July 2006 Dark Matter Science Advisory Group (DMSAG) HEPAP & AAAC priorities & strategy for direct detection of dark matter December 2006

Department of Energy Dark Energy Task Force Office of Science DETF was a subpanel of both HEPAP and AAAC Their final report was released in June 2006 and it was transmitted by HEPAP to DOE-HEP on July 17, 2006 and by AAAC to DOE-HEP on June 30, 2006. See http: //www. nsf. gov/mps/ast/detf. jsp From the report: Dark Energy could be Einstein’s cosmological constant, new exotic form of matter or may signify a breakdown in Einstein’s GR. To date, there are no compelling theoretical explanations for The dark energy, therefore, observational exploration must be the focus No single technique can answer the outstanding questions - need combinations of at least two of these techniques, at least one of which is a probe sensitive to the growth of cosmological structure in the form of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Recommends medium term (stage III) and longer term (stage IV) program. Stage III should improve the DETF figure of merit by at least a factor of 3 and stage IV by at least a factor of 10. DETF FOM: reciprocal of the area of the error ellipse enclosing the 95% confidence limit in the w 0–wa plane. Recommends that high priority for near-term funding should be given to projects that improve our Understanding of the dominant systematic effects

Department of Energy P 5 subpanel Office of Science P 5 == Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel They are recommending a prioritized roadmap for the HEP program. Status report was presented at HEPAP in June ‘ 06 See http: //www. science. doe. gov/hep/P 5 Interim. Rpt. Chg 2 June 2006. pdf Final Draft Report is being submitted to HEPAP today for approval. See presentation at http: //www. science. doe. gov/hep/HEPAP/Oct 2006/Seiden. P 5 HEPAPtalk. October 2006. pdf Recommendations: 1. ILC & LHC energy frontier accelerators 2. Dark Energy, Dark Matter & Reactor Neutrino experiments 1. Start DES, CDMS 25 kg experiment and Daya Bay construction in FY 08 2. Support for LSST and SNAP to bring these to Preliminary Design Review stage over a 2 or 3 yr timeframe 3. DOE work with NASA to ensure that a space mission can be carried out and that the 3 potential approaches are properly evaluated 4. R&D funding for DUSEL (underground lab) and funding towards experiments using this facility 3. Start construction on NOv. A – long baseline neutrino experiment 4. Construction of the muon g-2 experiment at Brookhaven

NRC Panel Elementary Particle Physics in the 21 st Century (EPP 2010) Department of Energy Office of Science Draft report release on 4/28/06 – www. nationalacademies. org/bpa/epp 2010. html Recommendations: 1. Fully exploit the opportunities for U. S. involvement at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN 2. Comprehensive program to become the world-leading center for R&D for the International Linear Collider (ILC) and mount a compelling to build it in the U. S. 3. Expand the program in particle astrophysics and pursue an internationally coordinated, staged program in neutrino physics. + further recommendations

Department of Energy Current Efforts in our Program Office of Science Dark Energy – current operating experiments Nearby Supernova Factory (SNFactory) – continues operations; measurements of nearby supernovae; needed for systematics control for future projects (LBNL leads, + Yale et al) Supernova Cosmology Project (LBNL leads collaboration) Operations continuing using ground telescopes & Hubble Space Telescope measurements to collect statistics and refine results Sloan Digital Sky Survey (FNAL leads + NSF funding, universities, foreign) Baryon oscillations; galaxy clusters Next I will talk about: • Dark Energy – R&D for future • Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays • High Energy Gamma Rays • Dark Matter & Anti-matter

Department of Energy Office of High Energy Physics Program Supernova Cosmology Project (SCP) LBNL-led SCP was 1 of 2 teams that did initial discovery of the acceleration of the universe established the new field of supernova cosmology and, more generally, dark energy studies First results from SNLS Super. Nova Legacy Survey Collaboration Astier et al. , A&A 447, 31 (2006) Office of Science SCP’s major HST program this year (2006) Search for SNe in dust-free elliptical galaxies in (z ≥ 1) clusters ~20 very high redshift (z>1) SNe discovered

Office of High Energy Physics Program Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Department of Energy Office of Science Data - Galaxy surveys, dark matter, dark energy + astronomy - June 2006 – 5 th public data release Now have data on 8000 square degrees of sky, with 1, 048, 960 spectra. Taking data since 1998 - Approved for additional data-taking thru summer 2008 Funding: Sloan Foundation, NSF, DOE, Japan, Germany Science News: Jan. 2005 – first baryon oscillation measurement Telescope in New Mexico Mosaic Imaging Camera 640 fiber spectrograph

Department of Energy Dark Energy – Planning & Future Office of Science Planning program in view of DETF and P 5 reports Funding R&D for Super. Nova Acceleration Probe (SNAP) experiment - SNAP is one of the mission concepts for the DOE/NASA JDEM - We have been funding R&D to develop the concept since 2000 - FY 06: $2. 9 M, FY 07 request: $7. 5 M - They’re working on mission concept studies for NASA, called SNAP-L ($600 M capped mission) -this is one of the 3 teams that are funded to do these studies. R&D funds through labs (FNAL, SLAC, BNL) for last several years to develop concepts: - DES (Dark Energy Survey) - LSST (Large-scale Synoptic Survey Telescope) - Current plan for DES and LSST is in the range of $2 M to $3 M for FY 07 In FY 07 Presidential Request, additional R&D of ~$5 M available – ground and/or space concepts will be selected; DETF will guide us – planning method to determine distribution of funds – funding levels reflect tentative plan which may change based upon advice from DETF and other relevant considerations Investigating future space and/or ground telescopes in cooperation with NASA and NSF + exploring participation with international partners.

Department of Energy Pierre Auger – high energy cosmic ray detector array (collaboration w/NSF & foreign partners) Office of Science Scientific goal is to observe, understand characterize the very highest energy cosmic rays. Collaboration as ~ 350 members from 18 countries Water Cherenkov surface detectors Installed over 3000 km 2 site in Argentina Partial operations have started – construction expected to be completed by early 2007. First science results presented at conference in Aug. 2005. Fluorescence telescopes Current status (as of end of July 2006) - 18 (out of 24) fluorescence telescopes operating; last building housing 6 telescopes under construction – complete by October - 1186 (out of 1600) surface Cherenkov detectors deployed, 984 operating - some problems with site access for final ~300 surface detectors – negotiating with landowners

Department of Energy VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System) Ø Scientific Purpose: Study of celestial sources of very high energy gamma-ray sources in the energy range of 50 Ge. V- 50 Te. V & search for dark matter candidates – Uses atmospheric Cherenkov 4 - telescope array Ø Collaboration: NSF, DOE + contributions from Smithsonian & foreign institutions Ø Schedule: Fabrication scheduled for completion at end of FY 2006, however… Ø Status: In April 2005, work at Kitt Peak was stopped so National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process could be redone according to specifications, in response to suit filed by Tohono O’odham Indian Nation. – NSF is leading the NEPA process with DOE acting as cooperating agency. Ø Had “government to government” meeting with Tohono O’odham Nation in January 2006; NSF had another meeting with the T. O. in May; Waiting now to see T. O. response Ø Plan is to install and commission the telescopes at the Whipple Basecamp while waiting for Kitt Peak access by end of 2006 - An engineering run will start in 2007. Office of Science Picture taken June 2006 – 3 telescopes installed at basecamp. Telescope 1 Artist’s conception

Large Area Telescope (LAT) on GLAST Mission High energy gamma rays from space - Measure energy and direction from 20 Me. V to 300 Ge. V over a wide field of view - Acceleration mechanisms, dark matter Large Area Telescope – October 2005 Department of Energy Office of Science LAT is the primary instrument on NASA’s Gammaray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) mission -- Collaboration between NASA, DOE, France, Italy, Japan, Sweden & managed at SLAC. • LAT instrument fabrication complete in Jan ‘ 06 • Shipped from SLAC to NRL for thermal, vibration, acoustic testing in May 2006 • Shipped to Phoenix (General Dynamics) for integration on spacecraft in Sept. 2006 • GLAST launch scheduled for Oct/Nov 2007 • Successful DOE/NASA partnership!

Department of Energy Cryogenic Dark Matter Search Purpose: direct detection of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPS) Location - Soudan Mine in Minnesota Data-taking: partial operations started in 2003, full operations with 5 towers starting soon & will continue in FY 07 Results – April 2005 …set the world's lowest exclusion limits on the WIMP cross section by a factor of 10 compared to other experiments, ruling out a significant range of neutralino supersymmetric models. Also have Axion Dark Matter Search (ADMX) experiment at Lawrence Livermore Lab in California – another possible form of Dark Matter Blue line – new results Dotted Blue line – expected full results Office of Science CDMS detector

Department of Energy AMS - Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer w/NASA + foreign partners Office of Science • Search for dark matter, missing matter & antimatter on the International Space Station • Prototype (AMS-01) took data on STS-91 in 1998 • AMS-02 fabrication complete in 2005; integration and test to be completed in 2007 • Plan is for a Shuttle Launch and deployment on ISS -launch date is currently unknown.

Department of Energy DOE/NASA Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM) – History & Status I was asked to describe the JDEM history and status and also to describe the Congressional language that DOE has been given. Determining the nature of dark energy is a high priority science objective for both DOE and NASA. 1999 – SNAP team starts developing a concept using internal lab-awarded funds 2000 – DOE-HEP starts providing some R&D funds for SNAP April 2002: The report by NRC’s Committee on the Physics of the Universe (the Turner panel’s Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos report) recommended three new non-prioritized initiatives, one of which is to determine the properties of dark energy. The Committee recommended that “NASA and DOE work together to construct a wide field telescope in space to determine the expansion history of the universe and full probe the nature of the dark energy”. See http: //www. nap. edu/catalog/10079. html November 2003: DOE and NASA are planning a JDEM and developed a draft agreement to coordinate a plan. The draft agreement includes a strawman organization of the joint project, including management structure, agency responsibilities and the process for selecting the science team. There will be a mission concept study phase followed by a joint DOE and NASA Announcement of Opportunity call for mission proposals and an open competition to select the science team. See http: //www. science. doe. gov/hep/JDEM%20 Reports. shtm November 2003: The Secretary of Energy announced the Department’s 20 -year Science Facility prioritized plan. The JDEM was in a 3 rd place tie for projects with highest scientific importance and near-term readiness for construction. See http: //www. science. doe. gov/Scientific_User_Facilities/History/20 -Year-Outlook-screen. pdf Office of Science

Department of Energy DOE/NASA Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM) – History & Status Office of Science FY 2003 - NASA ran a competition in FY 03 for mission concept study funds for the Dark Energy Probe. Two proposals, SNAP and DESTINY, received a small amount of funds (in FY 2004? ) and another 3 groups received funds to investigate how they could contribute to SNAP. April 2004: The 2004 report from the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) provided a Federal cross-agency strategic plan, “The Physics of the Universe” for discovery at the intersection of physics and astronomy in response to the NRC’s “Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos” report. The NSTC report listed dark energy measurements as its highest priority, proposing a multi-pronged strategy. The report recommended that NASA and DOE develop a Joint Dark Energy Mission and said this “mission would best serve the scientific community if launched by the middle of the next decade” See http: //www 7. nationalacademies. org/bpa/OSTP Q 2 C Response Draft. pdf November 2004: A science definition team was formed in Fall 2004; first meeting Nov. 2004. FY 2004 -- JDEM is the Dark Energy Probe in NASA’s Beyond Einstein program, which was approved in their FY 2004 budget, though only LISA and Con-X were funded for development at that time. JDEM is also included in their recent roadmaps.

Department of Energy DOE/NASA Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM) – History & Status Office of Science Feb 2006 FY 07 President’s Budget for NASA budget shows funding available for one of the five Beyond Einstein missions to starting in FY 2009. Aug. 2006 NASA has recently announced that it will fund 3 teams for mission concepts studies beginning in FY 07. The concepts chosen all include a wide field telescope with associated camera and other instruments in space, but vary on the scientific methods ADEPT, DESTINY, SNAP Summer 2006: OSTP starts holding meetings again with the agencies involved in the “Physics of the Universe” report to follow the progress. Fall 2006: A National Academy panel is being formed, under the auspices of the Space Studies Board and the Board on Physics and Astronomy, to do a study on the Beyond Einstein program to determine which of the five missions should go first and will report in September 2007. This study is being funded by DOE and NASA.

Department of Energy JDEM-related Congressional Directions Office of Science ~ July, 2005 - Text from HR 4818, FY 2005 Omnibus Appropriations Bill: “…The conferees encourage the Department to proceed with the Dark Energy Mission even if the primary science of the mission and mission development must be pursued by the Department so as to avoid schedule delays resulting from implementing the mission jointly with NASA. International cooperation and appropriate launch arrangements should be pursued where appropriate. The conferees recognize that an excellent and energized science team has been assembled for this exciting mission. ” DOE is investigating foreign partners, but is still going forward assuming we are doing JDEM with NASA. Dec. 2005 – NASA Authorization Act (d) JOINT DARK ENERGY MISSION. —The Administrator and the Director of the Department of Energy Office of Science shall jointly transmit to the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, not later than July 15, 2006, a report on plans for a Joint Dark Energy Mission. The report shall include the amount of funds each agency intends to expend on the Joint Dark Energy Mission for each of the fiscal years 2007 through 2011, and any specific milestones for the development and launch of the Mission. We submitted the joint report.

Department of Energy JDEM-related Congressional Directions Office of Science May 15, 2006 From the House Energy & Water Subcommittee Markup report, p. 95 • Over the past few years, the Committee has consistently supported the DOE/NASA Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM), a space probe to help answer the fundamental physics question of our time what is the "dark energy" that constitutes the majority of the universe. Answering this question is among the top priorities of the physics community and of the Office of Science, and the Committee strongly believes that this initiative should move forward. DOE has done its part, developing the Super. Nova Acceleration Probe (SNAP) as the DOE mission concept for JDEM. Unfortunately, NASA has failed to budget and program for launch services for JDEM. Unfortunately, in spite of best intentions, the multi-agency aspect of this initiative poses insurmountable problems that imperil its future. • Therefore, the Committee directs the Department to begin planning for a single-agency dark energy mission with a launch in fiscal year 2013. The Committee directs DOE to explore other launch options, including cooperative international approaches and the procurement of private launch services, to get the SNAP platform into space. DOE is to report back to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, not later than March 2, 2007, on the cost and feasibility of a single-agency mission, including the use of alternative launch options. The Committee will consider providing further guidance on this issue in the fiscal year 2008 appropriations bill and report. “

Department of Energy JDEM-related Congressional Directions: Office of Science June 28, 2006 - From the Senate Energy and Water Committee Mark-up of the FY 07 - Appropriations Bill, under the HEP section. . . • The High Energy Physics program has many promising opportunities to advance our understanding of the universe and its makeup. However, the Department must make important decisions about the future of this program, including balancing the immediate opportunities provided through the Joint Dark Energy Mission and large future investments in the International Linear Collider. • "International Linear Collider. -The Committee provides $45, 000, an increase of $15, 000 above current year levels, to support pre-conceptual research to support the U. S. ILC effort within the Accelerator Development, International Linear Collider R&D activities. • "The Committee has consistently demonstrated its support of the Department's initiative to launch a space probe to answer the fundamental physics question of our time -- what is the "dark energy" that constitutes the majority of the universe? The committee strongly believes that this initiative should move forward. Unfortunately, the multi-agency aspect of this initiative faces insurmountable problems that imperil its future, and the Department risks losing a world-class scientific team. The Committee is concerned that the joint mission between the Department of Energy and NASA is untenable because of NASA's reorganization and change in focus towards manned space flight. The Committee directs the Department to immediately begin planning for a single-agency space-based dark energy mission and to conduct a peer-reviewed competition to select a single winning proposal based both upon the quality of science and the overall cost to the Department. The competition should be initiated by the end of calendar year 2006 and completed in 2007 with the goal of a launch in fiscal year 2013. The Committee encourages the Department to aggressively explore potential domestic and international partnerships and launch options to help defray the cost of the missions. The Committee provides $74, 271, 000 for Non-Accelerator Physics, and increase of $15, 000 above the request to support the Joint Dark Energy Mission. • The Committee has moved $8, 310, 000 from the Theoretical Physics to the High Energy Density Physics account. "