Crusade and CounterCrusade HIST 1016 92914 Call to

Crusade and Counter-Crusade HIST 1016 9/29/14

Call to Crusade • Urban II (r. 1088 -1099) Reform Pope • Peace and Truce of God • 1095: Council of Claremont Urban II calls for armed pilgrimage to liberate the Holy Land • Indulgences offered for those who join. Statue of Pope Urban II in Claremont

Don’t Forget: The Investiture Controversy

The First Crusade (1095 -1099) • People’s (Peasant’s) Crusade – Populist movement – Anti-Jewish pogroms – Pillaging – Massacred in Anatolia • Prince’s Crusade – Frankish nobility – Joint leadership with church – Better organized and better financed

Crusaders and Byzantium • Must pass through Constantinople • Rivalries – Alexius I vs. Bohemond I • Oath of Loyalty • Return Byzantine territory • Byzantine military support? • Siege of Nicaea (May 14 to June 19, 1097)

Who are these Crusaders? • Byzantines: These are a lot of mercenaries • Seljuqs: These aren’t particularly good mercenaries (Maybe we can enlist them? ) • Siege of Antioch: Oct. 21, 1097 – June 2, 1098 • Visions and the Holy Lance • Aug. 26, 1098: Jerusalem captured by Fatimids • Villages and towns between Antioch and Jerusalem interested in paying tribute • The Cannibals of Ma’arra

The Fall of Jerusalem • June 13 – July 15, 1099: Jerusalem under siege • Tactically bad choice – In summer – With Fatimid army arriving – No reliable supply lines • Fasting, barefoot processions, visions • Massacre of residents (Muslim, Jewish, and Christian)

Establishment of the Crusader States • County of Edessa – Adoption of Baldwin I • Principality of Antioch – Contest between princes won by Bohemond • Kingdom of Jerusalem – King Baldwin I • County of Tripoli – Won after fall of Jerusalem – Give Raymond IV land

The Crusader States

A Divided East • Seljuq Empire (Sunnis) – Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia) – Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia) – Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria) – Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria) – Sultans of Rum (Anatolia) • Fatimid Empire (Isma`ili Shi’ites) • Assassins (Nizari Isma`ili Shi’ites)

A Divided East • Crusaders – Western Christians in the Levant to fulfill a crusading vow • Franks (Franj) – Western Christians living in the Crusader States • Byzantines • Eastern Christians – – – Armenians Melkites Jacobites Maronites Nestorians

The Second Crusade (1145 -1149) • Imad al-Din Zengi (d. 1146): Seljuq atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul • 1143: Zengi takes Edessa • 1145: Pope Eugene III calls for new Crusade • Kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Holy Roman Empire respond

The Second Crusade • Crusaders vs. Franks • Negotiated peace • Target of Crusade – Retake Edessa – Aleppo: Zengid capital – Ascalon: closest threat to Jerusalem – Damascus: most powerful city in southern Syria

The Siege of Damascus • July 24 -29, 1148 • Nur al-Din (r. 1146 -1174): Son of Zengi, Emir of Aleppo • Unification of Syria • Mu’in al-Din Unur: Emir of Damascus • Peace treaty or I give the city to Nur al-Din • Second Crusade = failure

Counter Crusade • What does it mean to be a good Muslim ruler? • Nur al-Din hires religious scholars to write texts on jihad and the benefits of Jerusalem • The righteous ruler is the one who fights the crusaders • Jerusalem is prioritized • But does he do this? . . . Minbar of al-Aqsa Mosque

Nur al-Din • Small campaigns against Crusader states • Spends most of his career fighting fellow Muslims • 1154: conquers Damascus • 1159: alliance with Byzantines against Seljuqs of Rum • Fatimid Egypt: young caliphs under sway of viziers • 1163 -1169: conquest of Egypt • Surround Crusaders • Gold and Red Sea trade Nur al-Din Madrassa, Damascus

Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt • Shirkuh (d. 1169) – Kurdish general – leads conquest of Egypt – uncle of Salah al-Din • Fatimid – Crusader alliance against Shirkuh • Salah al-Din inherits viziership of Fatimid Egypt • Leave Fatimids in place… Why? al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo

Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt • Is Salah al-Din Nur al-Din’s governor? • The `Abbasid Caliph’s? • The Fatimid’s? • Reorganize Fatimid army • Sunnification of Egypt • Remove Shi’ites from bureaucracy • Establishment of Sunni madrasas • Remove “un-Islamic” taxes Mosque showing the veneration of the Rashidun Caliphs

Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt • 1171 – Nur al-Din orders the khutba in Egypt given in the `Abbasid caliph’s name • al-`Adid (r. 1160 -1171): Last Fatimid caliph dies • Salah al-Din changes khutba • Members of Fatimid family arrested (and segregated) • `Abbasids grant Egypt to Nur al-Din al-Hakim Mosque, Cairo