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[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. • Culture is the system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another ] © Sebastian Pfuetze/Getty Images, RF Understanding Culture and Communication

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Understanding Culture and Communication • People distinguish between in-groups and out-groups • In-groups are the groups of people with whom we identify ] • Out-groups are groups we see as different from ourselves • Being part of the out-group can be exciting, but it can also be stressful

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Understanding Culture and Communication ] • Cultures vary in their © Brand X Pictures/Punch. Stock, RF symbols • A symbol is anything that represents an idea • Flags and national anthems are both examples of cultural symbols

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Understanding Culture and Communication • Cultures vary in their languages • Approximately 7, 100 languages are used in the world today • Chinese, Spanish, and English— in that order—are three most commonly spoken languages hello ] Здравейте

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Understanding Culture and Communication • Cultures vary in their values ] • A culture’s values are the standards it uses to judge how good, desirable, or beautiful something is • U. S. culture tends to value equal opportunity, material comfort, practicality and efficiency, achievement, democracy, free enterprise, and individual choice

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. • Cultures vary in their norms • Norms are rules or expectations that guide people’s behavior in a culture • Greeting norms and norms for politeness often vary considerably across cultures ] © Lisa Anne Auer Bach/Corbis, RF Understanding Culture and Communication

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Understanding Culture and Communication • Co-cultures are groups of people who share ] values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship • Co-cultures can reflect shared activities, beliefs, or characteristics • Many people identify with multiple co-cultures • Many co-cultures thrive online

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Understanding Culture and Communication ] • In some ways, social media platforms—such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Pinterest—make up their own co-cultures • They have their own symbols (such as #) • They have their own terminology (such as “tweets” and “likes”) • They have their own norms and values (such as norms for what can and cannot be posted or shared)

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Culture Affects Communication • Individualistic and collectivistic cultures © John Burke/Polka Dot Images/Jupiter Images, RF • Individualistic cultures believe their responsibility is to themselves • Collectivistic cultures believe their responsibility is to their communities

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Culture Affects Communication • Low-context and high-context cultures • People in low-context cultures are taught to communicate directly and to “say what they mean” • People in high-context cultures are taught to convey meaning through subtle behaviors and contextual cues rather than through verbal directness

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] • Low-power-distance and high-power-distance cultures • People in low-power- distance cultures believe that no one person or group should have excessive power • In high-power-distance cultures, certain groups have great power; average citizens have much less © Mark Cuthbert/Geggy Images How Culture Affects Communication

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Culture Affects Communication • Masculine and Feminine cultures • People in masculine cultures cherish traditionally masculine values and believe in sex-differentiated roles • People in feminine cultures cherish traditionally feminine values and tend not to believe in sex-differentiated roles

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Culture Affects Communication • Monochronic and polychronic cultures • People in monochronic cultures view time as a finite commodity • People in polychronic cultures view time as more holistic and fluid and less structured

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Culture Affects Communication • Uncertainty-avoiding and uncertainty-accepting cultures • People in uncertainty-avoiding cultures are drawn to the familiar and are relatively unlikely to take risks • People in uncertainty-accepting cultures are open to novel situations and are accepting of people and ideas that are different from their own

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Culture Affects Communication • Societies differ in their use of cultural communication codes • Idioms are phrases whose meaning is purely figurative • Jargon is language whose technical meaning is understood by people within a co-culture • Gestures are movements that express ideas

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. • Gender is a function of: • Gender roles • Biological sex • Sexual orientation ] © Creatas Images/2009 Jupiterimages Corporation/Jupiter Images, RF Understanding Gender and Communication

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Understanding Gender and Communication ] • Gender roles are culturally © Michael Blann/Digital Vision/Getty Images/RF constructed norms for how men and women are expected to act • Masculinity • Femininity • Androgyny

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Understanding Gender and Communication • Biological sex is affected by: ] • Psychology: the sex a person believes he or she should rightly be • Genetics: the combination of X and Y chromosomes • Anatomy: the internal and external sex organs with which a person is born

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. • Sexual orientation refers to the sex or sexes to whom we are attracted • Heterosexuality • Homosexuality • Bisexuality • Asexuality ] © Beth Dubber/Amazon Studios/Everett Collection Understanding Gender and Communication

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Gender Affects Communication • Expressive talk (normally associated with women) • Verbal communication is seen as a primary way to establish closeness • Instrumental talk (normally associated with men) • Verbal communication is seen as a means to solve problems and accomplish tasks

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Gender Affects Communication Social constructs that surround gender and communication: • More-powerful speech (normally socialized in men) • Talking more, interrupting more frequently • Less-powerful speech (normally socialized in women) • Asking more questions, using hedges (“sort of, ” “might be”)

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Gender Affects Communication • Masculine linguistic style • Shorter sentences, more sentence fragments, more references to “I” and “me, ” more references to quantity • Feminine linguistic style • Longer sentences, more qualifiers, more references to “we” and “they”

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Gender Affects Communication • Touch • Social constructs of touch in reference to gender are often regulated by heterosexual standards and expectations. These range dramatically by cultural implications of that touch and emotional expression. • Emotional communication • Women verbally express more positive emotion • Men verbally express more negative/neutral emotion

[ Copyright © 2017 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. ] How Gender Affects Communication • Affectionate communication • Among adults, women use more overt physical affection behaviors than men do • This difference could be due to: • The amount of affection received in childhood • The perception that physical affection is feminine • Differences in hormones that promote affectionate behavior