Classification and Taxonomy copyright cmassengale 1 Species of

  • Slides: 31
Download presentation
Classification and Taxonomy copyright cmassengale 1

Classification and Taxonomy copyright cmassengale 1

Species of Organisms • There are 13 billion known species of organisms • This

Species of Organisms • There are 13 billion known species of organisms • This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! • New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale 2

What is Classification? • Classification is the arrangement of • • organisms into orderly

What is Classification? • Classification is the arrangement of • • organisms into orderly groups based on their structural similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy. Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale 3

Benefits of Classifying • organisms Accurately & uniformly names • Prevents misnomers such as

Benefits of Classifying • organisms Accurately & uniformly names • Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names 4

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale 5

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale 5

Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale 6

Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale 6

Early Taxonomists: Aristotle • 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist • Aristotle

Early Taxonomists: Aristotle • 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist • Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals • He subdivided organisms by their habitat: land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale 7

Early Taxonomists: John Ray • John Ray, a botanist, • was the first to

Early Taxonomists: John Ray • John Ray, a botanist, • was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale 8

Early Taxonomists: Carolus Linnaeus • 1707 – 1778 • 18 th century • •

Early Taxonomists: Carolus Linnaeus • 1707 – 1778 • 18 th century • • taxonomist, botanist, physician, and zoologist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale 9

Early Taxonomists: Carolus Linnaeus • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • Developed the modern

Early Taxonomists: Carolus Linnaeus • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • Developed the modern • system of naming things known as binomial nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature is a two-word name (Genus and species) copyright cmassengale 10

Standardized Naming “The Rules” • Binomial nomenclature uses Genus species • Written Latin or

Standardized Naming “The Rules” • Binomial nomenclature uses Genus species • Written Latin or Greek • Italicized in print • Capitalize Genus, but NOT species • Underline when Turdus migratorius handwritten American Robin 11

Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale 12

Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale 12

Why do we need rules for naming organisms and who oversees this? • This

Why do we need rules for naming organisms and who oversees this? • This prevents duplication of names • The International Code for Binomial • Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) copyright cmassengale 13

Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa plural) is a category into which related organisms

Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed • There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale 14

Classification Groups • Domain: is the broadest of all taxa. This taxon contains one

Classification Groups • Domain: is the broadest of all taxa. This taxon contains one or more kingdoms. • Kingdom: is composed of related phyla. • Phylum: contains related classes. Also known as a division. copyright cmassengale 15

Classification Groups Class: contains related orders. Order: contains related families. Family: contains similar or

Classification Groups Class: contains related orders. Order: contains related families. Family: contains similar or related genera. Genus: contains a defined group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor. Species: the most specific taxon. • • • copyright cmassengale 16

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain BROADEST TAXON Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species copyright cmassengale

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain BROADEST TAXON Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species copyright cmassengale Most Specific 17

copyright cmassengale 18

copyright cmassengale 18

Domains Kingdoms Archaebacteria Bacteria Eubacteria Examples Fungi Eukarya Protista Plantae Animalia copyright cmassengale 19

Domains Kingdoms Archaebacteria Bacteria Eubacteria Examples Fungi Eukarya Protista Plantae Animalia copyright cmassengale 19

Domains • Archae Kingdom: Archaebacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs extremophiles no peptidoglycan • Bacteria Kingdom:

Domains • Archae Kingdom: Archaebacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs extremophiles no peptidoglycan • Bacteria Kingdom: Eubacteria prokaryotic has peptidoglycan aerobic or anaerobic autotrophs or heterotrophs copyright cmassengale 20

Domains • Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi multi/unicellular absorbs nutrients from organic materials from the environment

Domains • Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi multi/unicellular absorbs nutrients from organic materials from the environment Kingdom: Protista multi/unicellular or colonial no organs plantlike(algae), funguslike(mold/mildew), or animallike(amoeba) copyright cmassengale 21

Domains • Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae multicellular cell wall autotrophs tissues present Kingdom: Animalia multicellular

Domains • Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae multicellular cell wall autotrophs tissues present Kingdom: Animalia multicellular no cell wall heterotrophs tissues present copyright cmassengale 22

Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestive • heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside

Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestive • heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale 23

Taxons • Classification is based on evolutionary • • relationships (how they evolve similarly

Taxons • Classification is based on evolutionary • • relationships (how they evolve similarly or differently). Phylogeny – a comparison of how organisms are related. (Phylogenetic Tree) A cladogram is another name for Phylogenetic Tree. copyright cmassengale 24

Basis for Modern Taxonomy • Homologous structures (same structure, different function) • Similar embryonic

Basis for Modern Taxonomy • Homologous structures (same structure, different function) • Similar embryonic development • Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale 25

Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale 26

Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale 26

Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale 27

Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale 27

Phylogenetic Tree (Cladogram) Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics

Phylogenetic Tree (Cladogram) Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale 28

Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale 29

Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale 29

Dichotomous Key • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read

Dichotomous Key • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale 30

Example of Dichotomous Key 1 a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1 b

Example of Dichotomous Key 1 a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1 b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2 a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2 b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3 a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3 b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4 a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4 b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale 31