Chapter Five The Fourth Step in Essay Writing

Chapter Five: The Fourth Step in Essay Writing Special Topic: Parallelism Prepared by Professors Rita Perkins and Paul Harris Camden County College © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 5. 2 Uses of Parallelism • To coordinate elements in a series • To pair ideas • To enhance coherence • To organize lists © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Using Parallelism • All items listing two or more words, phrases, or clauses, need to be written in the same grammatical structure. For example, balance a noun with a noun, a phrase with a phrase, a clause with a clause. Many people are interested in combat when they read about it at home, study about it in school , or watching it on television. Revision: Many people are interested in combat when they read about it at home, study about it in school , or watch it on television. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Using Parallelism with Pairs • When two ideas are included, they must be parallel. – Tourists enjoy viewing air shows on military bases and to examine displays of armor in museums. • Revision: – Tourists enjoy viewing air shows on military bases and examining armor displays in museums. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Using Parallelism • Put words linked by coordinating conjunctions in parallel form. – The martial arts stress the study of hand technique and how you kick. • Revision: – The martial arts stress strengthening the hands and the feet. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Using Parallelism • Correlative conjunctions (either/or, neither/nor, both/and, whether/or) require parallel form. In Kung Fu the hands must benot only hard enough to knock down a man, but also their sensitivity must feel which way the wind blows. Revision: In Kung Fu the hands must beboth hard enough to knock down a manand sensitive enough to feel which way the wind blows. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Using Parallelism • Comparisons using than or as need parallel form. – The President would rather use diplomacy than agreeing to send troops abroad. • Revision: – The President would rather use diplomacy than agree to send troops abroad. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Using Parallelism • By repeating the preposition, the articles, articles or the subordinating conjunctions, conjunctions the parallelism becomes clearer and more effective. – The peace negotiators promised to help out in the day or night. • Revision: – The peace negotiators promised to help out in the day or in the night. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Checking for Parallelism • Check items listed in a series. – Use a parallel grammatical structure for all items. • Check places where coordinate or correlative conjunctions are used. • Check sentences where you use than and as. as © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): • In the 18 th century, Franz Mesmer treated patients by using iron magnets and hypnosis. Correct © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): Error • People accused him of being a magician and that he was a fraud. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): Correct • People accused him of being a magician and a fraud. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): Error • Today hypnosis is used in dentistry, in obstetrics, and when having minor surgery. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to Correct see the answer. ): • Today hypnosis is used in dentistry, in obstetrics, and in minor surgery. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): • Under hypnotic trance, the depressed patient may learn to assign positive feelings to past loss or learn to put the loss behind him and resume his life. Correct © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): • However, hypnotic subjects can readily confuse events that really happened with imaginary events. Error © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): • However, hypnotic subjects can readily confuse real events with imaginary events. Correct © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): • Fear, stress, and feeling anxious seem to be factors in increasing physiological pain. Error © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): Correct • Fear, stress, and anxiety seem to be factors in increasing physiological pain. © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): • Hypnosis can quiet the mind by slowing heart rates, lowering respiration rates, and it reduces blood pressure. Error © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E

Chapter 5. 2 Parallelism Review Exercises Judge whether the following sentence is correct. (Click to see the answer. ): • Hypnosis can quiet the mind by slowing heart rates, lowering respiration, and reducing blood pressure. Correct © 2000 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. College Writing Skills / CWS with Readings, 5 E