Chapter 25 Testing Web Applications Slide Set to
Chapter 25 ■ Testing Web Applications Slide Set to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e by Roger S. Pressman and Bruce R. Maxim Slides copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2014 by Roger S. Pressman For non-profit educational use only May be reproduced ONLY for student use at the university level when used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, 8/e. Any other reproduction or use is prohibited without the express written permission of the author. All copyright information MUST appear if these slides are posted on a website for student use. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 1
-������ I Testing Quality Dimensions-I ■ ■ ■ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ . ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻣﻼﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻱ ■ syntactic level—spelling, punctuation and grammar are assessed for text-based documents. . ﻧﺺ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ■ semantic level—correctness (of information ،( ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻲ presented), consistency (across the entire content ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺑﺄﻜﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ )ﻋﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕ object and related objects) and lack of ambiguity are ﻏﻤﻮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ( ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻬﺪﺍﻑ all assessed. . ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ Function is tested for correctness, instability, and ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ general conformance to appropriate )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ implementation standards (e. g. , Java or XML ﻟﻐﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺟﺎﻓﺎ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ XML. ( ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ language standards). ﺃﻦ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ Structure is assessed to ensure that it ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ Web. App ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ■ properly delivers Web. App content and function ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ■ is extensible ■ can be supported as new content or functionality is. ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﺄﻴﻴﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ Content is evaluated at both a syntactic and semantic level. added. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 2
Testing Quality Dimensions-II ■ Usability is tested to ensure that each category of user ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻦ ﻣﻦ ■ is supported by the interface ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ■ can learn and apply all required navigation syntax ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ and semantics ﻭﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻲ ■ Navigability is tested to ensure that ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ■ all navigation syntax and semantics are exercised ﻭﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ to uncover any navigation errors (e. g. , dead links, )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﺃﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ improper links, erroneous links). ، ﻣﻴﺘﺔ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ■ Performance is tested under a variety of ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ، ﻻﺋﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ operating conditions, configurations, and. ( ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ loading to ensure that ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ■ the system is responsive to user interaction ، ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ، ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ■ the system handles extreme loading without ﺃﻦ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ unacceptable operational degradation ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻲ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 3
Testing Quality Dimensions-III ■ Compatibility is tested by executing the Web. App in a variety of different host configurations on both the client and server sides. ■ ■ ■ The intent is to find errors that are specific to a unique host configuration. Interoperability is tested to ensure that the Web. App properly interfaces with other applications and/or databases. Security is tested by assessing potential vulnerabilities and attempting to exploit each. ■ Any successful penetration attempt is deemed a security failure. ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ Web. App ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ . ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ . ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻦ ﻣﻦ Web. App ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻮ / ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ . ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ . ﻛﻞ ﻓﺎﺷﻠﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺃﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ . ﺍﻷﻤﻦ These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 4
Web. App Testing Strategy-I ■ ■ ■ Web. App - ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ I The content model for the Web. App is reviewed to uncover errors. The interface model is reviewed to ensure that all usecases can be accommodated. The design model for the Web. App is reviewed to uncover navigation errors. The user interface is tested to uncover errors in presentation and/or navigation mechanics. Selected functional components are unit tested. ﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ Web. App. ﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ . ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻦ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ Web. App. ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ . ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺃﻮ / ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ . ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 6
The Testing Process ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 8
Content Testing ■ Content testing has three important objectives: ■ ■ ■ to uncover syntactic errors (e. g. , typos, grammar mistakes) in text-based documents, graphical representations, and other media to uncover semantic errors (i. e. , errors in the accuracy or completeness of information) in any content object presented as navigation occurs, and to find errors in the organization or structure of content that is presented to the end-user. : ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ، ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ، ﻧﺺ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﻲ ( ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺃﻲ ﻓﻲ ( ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﻄﺎﺀ )ﺃﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ . ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 9
Database Testing ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ Tests are defined for each layer These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 11
User Interface Testing ■ ■ ■ Interface features are tested to ensure that design rules, aesthetics, and related visual content is available for the user without error. Individual interface mechanisms are tested in a manner that is analogous to unit testing. Each interface mechanism is tested within the context of a use-case or NSU for a specific user category. The complete interface is tested against selected use-cases and NSUs to uncover errors in the semantics of the interface. The interface is tested within a variety of environments (e. g. , browsers) to ensure that it will be compatible. ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻦ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ، ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ، ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ . ﺧﻄﺄ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ آﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ . ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ آﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ NSU. ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ NSUs ﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ . ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺪ ( ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ . ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 12
Component-Level Testing ■ ■ ■ Focuses on a set of tests that attempt to uncover errors in Web. App functions Conventional black-box and whitebox test case design methods can be used Database testing is often an integral part of the component-testing regime These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ • ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻄﺎﺀ ﻛﺸﻒ Web. App ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﺴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ • ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ • ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻻ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ 17
Load Testing ■ The intent is to determine how the Web. App and its server-side environment will respond to various loading conditions ■ ■ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ N, the number of concurrent users T, the number of on-line transactions per unit of time D, the data load processed by the server per transaction Overall throughput, P, is computed in the following manner: • P= Nx. Tx. D • • • ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘﻢ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ Web. App ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ،N ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ،T ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ،D : ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ،P ، ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺩ ﺥ ﺭ ﺥ P = N These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (Mc. Graw-Hill 2014). Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 25
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