Aim Would you have agreed with the Enlightenment

Aim: Would you have agreed with the Enlightenment thinkers? Do Now: Is there anything that is beyond the power of the human mind? If yes, how do you know?

I What was the Enlightenment? A) The Scientific Revolution (16 -17 th centuries) allowed for the understanding of universal natural laws in science, such as the existence of gravity. B) By the early 18 th century, a revolution in human thinking began called the Enlightenment. Thinkers of the Enlightenment (called philosophes) set out to find natural laws that govern human behavior to solve the problems of society. They believed that nothing is beyond the reach of the human mind.

II Hobbes vs. Locke Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both 17 th century English philosophes. They came to very different conclusions about human nature and the role of government. “During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. ” - Thomas Hobbes “All mankind. . . being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. ” – John Locke

Thomas Hobbes ü Wrote the Leviathan ü Believed people to be naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. ü The best form of government is an absolute monarchy, that can impose order and obedience. John Locke ü Wrote Two Treatises of Government ü Believed people to be naturally moral ü All people are born with natural rights, including the right to life, liberty and property ü People need to form governments to protect their natural rights ü The best form of government has limited power and needs to be accepted by all citizens. ü If a government violates its citizens natural rights, the people have a right to overthrow the government.

III Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) Montesquieu was a French philosophe. He believed the best way to protect liberty is to divide the powers of government among three branches; the legislative, executive and judicial. His ideas influenced our system of checks and balances! “The tyranny of a prince in an oligarchy is not so dangerous to the public welfare as the apathy of a citizen in a democracy. ”

Checks and Balances in the US Constitution

IV Voltaire (1694 – 1778) Voltaire was a French philosophe who used literary wit to attack social injustices, including religious intolerance and slavery. “Men are equal; it is not birth but virtue that makes the difference. “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it. ”

V Rousseau A) A French philosophe who wrote The Social Contract. B) Rousseau believed that people in the state of nature are naturally good. However, society corrupts which is why limited government is necessary. C) A social contract between all members of society is necessary for a just government. D) The good of the “general will” or the greater community should be put above individual interests. “I prefer liberty with danger than peace with slavery. ”

VI Mary Wollstonecraft A) Mary Wollstonecraft was a British philosophe. She wrote The Vindication of the Rights of Woman. B) She called for the equal education of boys and girls, so women could participate fully “Make women rational in public life. creatures, and free citizens, and they will quickly become good wives; - that is, if men do not neglect the duties of husbands and fathers. ” - Wollestonecraft

VII Adam Smith A) British economist Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations. He argued for a free market that regulates itself. Economic growth is linked to the free market forces of supply and demand. B) He also argued for a policy of laissez-faire: businesses can operate with little to no government regulation. “Every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of justice, is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest his own way, and to bring both his industry and capital into competition with those of any other man, or order of men. ” “No complaint. . . is more common that of a scarcity of money. ” – Adam Smith

VIII An Enlightened Society A) Denis Diderot produced a 28 volume set of books called The Encyclopedia. His purpose was to “change the general way of thinking” by explaining topics such as government, philosophy and religion. As many of the articles praised free speech and criticized slavery and traditional religion, the French government and the Pope tried to ban it. “The philosopher has never killed any priests, whereas the priest has killed a great many philosophers. ” “When superstition is allowed to perform the task of old age in dulling the human temperament, we can say goodbye to all excellence in poetry, in painting, and in music. ” – Denis Diderot

An Enlightened Society Continued… B) By the 17 th century, writers, artists and philosophes began meeting in taverns, coffeehouses, and salons (informal social gatherings). The salons began when French noblewomen began meetings in their homes.

An Enlightened Society Continued… Madame Germaine de Staël (1766 – 1817) was a FEMALE French philosophe. She held numerous salons in her homes, and wrote Germany and Considerations on the French Revolution. According to the Memoirs of Mme. de Remusat, Napoleon said about Madame de Stael that she "teaches people to think who never thought before, or who had forgotten how to think. " “Search for the truth is the noblest occupation of man; its publication is a duty. ” – de Staël Madame Germaine de Staël

IX Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas A) In the age of Louis XIV of France, courtly art and architecture often was of the baroque style: grand colorful! Sir Peter Paul Rubens, Portrait of a Young Girl (1615 -16) Linfante Marguerite by Diego Velázquez

Versailles, an Example of Baroque Architecture

Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas… B) Louis XV’s court was less formal than that of Louis XIV. The style of rococo developed to reflect this change. It was lighter and more delicate.

Palace of Catherine the Great, an Example of Rococo Architecture

Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas… C) The enlightenment led composers to develop new forms of music. 1. Operas (plays set to music) originated in Florence. Large casts with elaborate costumes. 2. Ballets, dancing en Pointe began to be performed. 3. Classical music developed - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: A child prodigy from Austria. Wrote over 600 works including operas, religious music & symphonies. Mozart 1756 – 1791 “Music, even in situations of the greatest horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music. ”

Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas… D) By the early 18 th century, novels began to appear in Europe. - Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe, about a shipwrecked sailor “Those people cannot enjoy comfortably what God has given them because they see and covet what He has not given them. All of our discontents for what we want appear to me to spring from want of thankfulness for what we have. ” “It is never too late to be wise. ” ― Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe

X Enlightened Despots Embrace New Ideas A) Philosophes tried to get European monarchs to embrace enlightenment ideas B) Those that accepted these new ideas were called enlightened despots. They still had absolute power, but they used their power in new ways. 1. Frederick II, known as Frederick The Great ruled Prussia 1740 – 1786. He allowed a free press and reduced the use of torture. He allowed for some religious freedom. “In my kingdom… everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion. ” Frederick II

Enlightened Despots Continued… 2. Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, is often labeled an “enlightened despot” because üShe abolished torture üMade French the official Russian court language and made St. Petersburg into Russia’s “window on the west”. üGranted boyars (Russian lords) a charter of rights üGained a warm water port on the Black Sea, which Peter the Great had failed to do. However, she increased the power of boyars over their serfs. She knew serfdom was inhumane, but she depended on the loyalty of the boyars to maintain power. Catherine the Great

XI Revolution A) Enlightenment ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the American Revolution (1775 – 1779). Once the colonies won their independence from Britain, the enlightenment helped to shape our constitution. A) Enlightenment ideas later influenced the French Revolution (1789 – late 1790 s).

HW Questions 1. What was the enlightenment? How was it related to the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution? 2. What did Hobbes and Locke believe? Who do you agree with more and why? 3. Of the following philosophes [Montesquieu, Wollstonecraft, Voltaire, Diderot and Rousseau], which two do you most agree with and why? 4. If you could have a salon in your own home, who would you invite [dead or alive] and why? Choose at least 2 people and justify your answer. 5. How was the Enlightenment reflected in art and music? 6. Were the “enlightened despots” truly enlightened? How do you know? 7. Fill in the chart on the following slide.

Key Vocabulary American Revolution Baroque Catherine the Great Daniel De. Foe Declaration of Independence Diderot Enlightened Despot Enlightenment Frederick II French Revolution John Locke Mary Wollestonecraft Mozart Natural Laws Philosophes Rococo Rousseau Social Contract The Marriage of Figaro Thomas Hobbes Voltaire