Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood A Cultural Approach Chapter

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Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 1 Introduction Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood:

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 1 Introduction Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Framework of the Book: An Overview n Foundations • Chapters 1 – 5 n

Framework of the Book: An Overview n Foundations • Chapters 1 – 5 n Context • Chapters 6 – 12 n Problems and Prospects • Chapters 13 – 14 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Themes of the Book: An Overview Cultural Contrasts n Historical Contrasts n Interdisciplinary Approach

Themes of the Book: An Overview Cultural Contrasts n Historical Contrasts n Interdisciplinary Approach n Gender Issues n Globalization n Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter Content Overview n n n Adolescence in Western Cultures throughout the ages Adolescence

Chapter Content Overview n n n Adolescence in Western Cultures throughout the ages Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Transitions to adulthood Research and theory on adolescence and emerging adulthood Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Adolescence is…. …The period after puberty begins and before adult roles are taken on…

Adolescence is…. …The period after puberty begins and before adult roles are taken on… …culturally constructed …a fairly new term, coming into common usage in the early 20 th Century Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Adolescence: A Cultural Construct n n n Almost all cultures recognize “adolescence” as a

Adolescence: A Cultural Construct n n n Almost all cultures recognize “adolescence” as a life period The length, content and daily experience differs across cultures Different cultures define adult status, roles and responsibilities differently Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Adolescence in Western Cultures Ancient Times n Early Christian Times through the Middle Ages

Adolescence in Western Cultures Ancient Times n Early Christian Times through the Middle Ages n 1500 – 1890 n The Age of Adolescence, 1890 -1920 n Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Adolescence in Western Cultures Ancient Greece Life Stage Plato on Education Infancy (birth –

Adolescence in Western Cultures Ancient Greece Life Stage Plato on Education Infancy (birth – 7) The infant’s mind is too undeveloped to learn much Childhood (7 -14) Education should focus on sports and music Adolescence (14 -21) Capacity for reason allows for study of science and math Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

The Age of Adolescence: 1890 -1920 Contributing Factors: 1. Legislation prohibiting child labour 2.

The Age of Adolescence: 1890 -1920 Contributing Factors: 1. Legislation prohibiting child labour 2. Compulsory education 3. Adolescence as a distinct field of scholarship Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Inventionist Views: Do you Agree? “Child labor laws are a way of keeping young

Inventionist Views: Do you Agree? “Child labor laws are a way of keeping young people out of useful work. ” “The education system just institutionalizes young people to make them passive and compliant to authority. ” Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

G. Stanley Hall: Key Ideas n n n Child Study Movement – research to

G. Stanley Hall: Key Ideas n n n Child Study Movement – research to better the lives of children and adolescents Recapitulation – development of an individual reenacts evolution of human species Storm and Stress – upheaval and disorder is a normal part of adolescent development Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

The Storm and Stress Debate “to be normal during the adolescent period is by

The Storm and Stress Debate “to be normal during the adolescent period is by itself abnormal” (p. 275) -- Anna Freud (1958) Discuss this statement as it relates to “Storm and Stress” during adolescence. Freud, A. (1958). Adolescence. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 13, 255 -278. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Adolescence: From Hall’s Time to Our Time 1900 14 -24 years n n 2000

Adolescence: From Hall’s Time to Our Time 1900 14 -24 years n n 2000 10 -18 years From 1900 to 1970, initial age of menarche has declined (from 15 to 12. 5 years) First signs of puberty begin about 2 years prior to menarche Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Emerging Adulthood is the age of… Who Am I? Am I going to find

Emerging Adulthood is the age of… Who Am I? Am I going to find an apartment? Am I going to like moving away to study? Am I really an adult now? Identity explorations n Instability n Self-focus n Feeling in-between n Possibilities n Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Rate of Residential Change by Age Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2003

Rate of Residential Change by Age Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2003 How does this data relate to the five qualities of emerging adulthood? Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Discussion Stop In your view, what marks the attainment of adulthood for yourself? n

Discussion Stop In your view, what marks the attainment of adulthood for yourself? n For others, generally? n How do the results in the following slide compare? Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

“Do you feel that you’ve reached adulthood? ” Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural

“Do you feel that you’ve reached adulthood? ” Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Discussion Stop n n Is 25 a good upper age boundary for the end

Discussion Stop n n Is 25 a good upper age boundary for the end of emerging adulthood? Where would you put the upper age boundary, and why? Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

The Transition to Adulthood: American Style n Legally an adult at age 18 n

The Transition to Adulthood: American Style n Legally an adult at age 18 n Characterized by Individualism: • Accepting responsibility for oneself • Making independent decisions • Becoming financially independent Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

The Transition to Adulthood: Other Perspectives Israel Completing Military Service Argentina Being able to

The Transition to Adulthood: Other Perspectives Israel Completing Military Service Argentina Being able to support a family financially S. Korea Being able to support their parents financially Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Individualism & Interdependence In traditional cultures, marriage marks the transition to adulthood Explain this

Individualism & Interdependence In traditional cultures, marriage marks the transition to adulthood Explain this in terms of values of individualism vs. collectivism or interdependence. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood n Applying Standards of the Scientific Method:

Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood n Applying Standards of the Scientific Method: • Hypotheses – finding an answer to an important question that emerges from theory or previous research • Sampling – choosing participants to represent the population of interest • Procedure – the way the study is conducted and data is collected • Methods – strategies for collecting data Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Research Issue: Sampling a Population A researcher surveys young adults in a drug rehabilitation

Research Issue: Sampling a Population A researcher surveys young adults in a drug rehabilitation program to find out about the frequency of drug use among American urban adolescents. She determines that 100% of the young adults in the sample have used drugs. Is this sample generalizable to the population? Explain and discuss. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Research Issue: Informed Consent A researcher wants to observe adolescents in their “habitat. ”

Research Issue: Informed Consent A researcher wants to observe adolescents in their “habitat. ” She goes to a school and hangs out, taking pictures and talking to students about their lives. The adolescents do not know she is a researcher. Is this an ethical way of conducting research? Explain and discuss in terms of informed consent. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Research Issue: Reliability & Validity You have a 50 pound weight that has been

Research Issue: Reliability & Validity You have a 50 pound weight that has been tested on a NASA scale. You put it on your bathroom scale and it reads 45 pounds. You weigh it five more times, each yielding a result of 45 pounds. Is your scale a reliable measure? Is your scale a valid measure? Explain. FLY-IN ANSWER! • The scale is reliable because it obtains the same results every time. • The scale is NOT valid because it is NOT truly or accurately measuring the weight (given that the NASA scale is valid). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Research Methods Method Ethnography n Biological Measurement n Description Participant observation n Measurement of

Research Methods Method Ethnography n Biological Measurement n Description Participant observation n Measurement of biological factors (e. g. , timing of puberty) n Experimental n. Treatment and Research control (nontreatment) groups n Daily Records n Participants wear beepers and record their experiences at intervals n Example Mead in Samoa n. Harvard Adolescence Project n Tanner (timing and sequence of pubertal change) n Research on media use (p. 24) n. Testing anti-smoking interventions n Experience Sampling Method – Beeper studies n Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Research Methods Type of Data n. Qualitative n. Quantitative Strategies n. Close ended questionnaires

Research Methods Type of Data n. Qualitative n. Quantitative Strategies n. Close ended questionnaires n. Interviews Applications n. Large scale surveys (e. g. , Monitoring the Future) n. Adolescents Drawbacks n. Restrictive n. Coding Benefits n. Yields responses in terms of Large scale, comprehensive data and emerging adults describe their own experiences in their own words and categorizing is time-consuming n. Richness and complexity Note: Combining methods allows for a rich and comprehensive understanding Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Correlation versus Causation Example: In a study, physical exercise was found to be related

Correlation versus Causation Example: In a study, physical exercise was found to be related to happiness. The more people exercised they tended to be happier. Can we assert that exercise causes happiness? FLY-IN ANSWER! • Correlation does not imply causation. • Interpretation is needed to understand relation between correlation and causation. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Key Chapter Ideas n n Adolescence and emerging adulthood is culturally constructed and varies

Key Chapter Ideas n n Adolescence and emerging adulthood is culturally constructed and varies among cultures Adolescence emerged in its modern form circa 1890 -1920 Emerging Adulthood is the period from 18 -25 The scientific method includes a variety of strategies for studying adolescence and emerging adulthood Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.