45 th International Lige Colloquium Estimation of primary

45 th International Liège Colloquium Estimation of primary production at high frequency using multi-parametric relationships between PAM measurements and carbon incorporation 17 th May, 2013 CNRS INEE - FRE 3484 Bio. MEA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, FRANCE camille. napoleon@unicaen. fr C. NAPOLÉON, P. CLAQUIN

Why the primary production ? Every trophic level relies on Primary production Phytoplankton 2

Why the English Channel ? English Channel a strategic area only few data Position of stations used for the validation of the MIRO&CO model. Lacroix et al. (2007) 3

Method Normandie Brittany Ferries Ouistreham Portsmouth Ouistreham 4

Method Normandie Brittany Ferries Ouistreham Portsmouth -4 m 5

Method Nutrients (DIN, DIP, DSi) Chl a Suspension Matter Phytoplankton species (pico, nano, micro) 6 Multi-parameters Probe Light Temperature Turbidity Salinity Water flow

Method The PAM method Calvin cycle CO 2 Carbohydrates H+ Fluorescence variation of the PSII NADP+ Production of electrons NADPH + H+ PSII ADP+Pi STROMA PSI e. H 2 O ATPase Fd e- H+ LUMEN O 2 + H + 7

Nutrients (DIN, DIP, DSi) Chl a SPM Phytoplankton species (pico, nano micro) Multi-parameters Probe Method Temperature Turbidity Salinity Dark tank 100 ml Solenoid valves interface emitterdetector unit Water flow PAM Control Unit Solenoid valve 8

Method The PAM method ETRmax Maximal electron transport rate α Maximal light utilization efficiency 9 Fast (10 minutes) Economic Non invasive Automatic

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Ouistreham Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) November 2009 December 2010 10

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? High frequency BUT Production of electrons! NOT Carbon incorporation! Portsmouth (GB) Can we use high frequency ETR measurements to estimate carbon incorporation at high frequency? Ouistreham (FR) November 2009 11 December 2010

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? 13 C Carbon incorporation Calvin cycle Carbohydrates H+ Fluorescence variation of the PSII NADP+ Production of electrons NADPH + H+ PSII O 2 + H + ADP+Pi STROMA PSI e. H 2 O ATPase Fd e- H+ LUMEN 12

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? The photosynthetron Light 13 C 13

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? PAM 13 C Advantages • Fast (10 min) • Economic • Non invasive • Automatic Disadvantage • Does not give access to the carbon incorporation Advantage • Gives access to the carbon incorporation Disavantages • Requires a long time of incubation (3 h) • Costly High frequency measurements Low frequency measurements 14

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? 13 C Carbon incorporation Calvin cycle Carbohydrates H+ Fluorescence variation of the PSII Production of electrons H+ r+? NADPH + H+ NADP o t Fac PSII O 2 + H + STROMA PSI e. H 2 O ADP+Pi ATPase Fd e- ATP LUMEN 15

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Relationship? C C C = f(ETR) ETR 16

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship? Logarithmic relationship Photoregulation at high light to protect the cell from photoinhibition by damages More electrons needed to fix 1 mole of C. C = 0. 1503 + 0. 0496 * ln(ETR) Alternative electron sinks 17 -cyclic electron flow around PSI, PSII -Mehler reaction -Reduction of nitrate -Photorespiration

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship? Influence of physicochemical and biological parameters? Logarithmic relationship C = f(ETR) + a*v 1 + b*v 2 + …. In situ C = 0. 1503 + 0. 0496 * ln(ETR) 18 Physicochemical parameters? Biological parameters?

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Influence of physicochemical and biological parameters? C = 0. 2082+0. 0496 * ln(ETR) - (0. 319 * DIP) + (0. 000166 * PAR) C = 0. 2082+0. 0496 * ln(ETR) In situ - (0. 319 * DIP) + (0. 000166 * PAR) 19

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Can we use high frequency ETR measurements to estimate the carbon incorporation at high resolution YES ! Portsmouth (GB) BUT… However, difficulties to discriminate parameters in in situ studies DIP and light = good integrator of other parameters? Ouistreham (FR) November 2009 December 2010 C = 0. 2082+0. 0496 * ln(ETR) - (0. 319 * DIP) + (0. 000166 * PAR) 20

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of C. e ? ᶲ C. e Ouistreham Portsmouth = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) January 2010 December 2010 21

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of C. e ? ᶲ C. e Ouistreham Portsmouth = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) January 2010 December 2010 22

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of C. e ? ᶲ C. e Ouistreham Portsmouth = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) January 2010 December 2010 23

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of C. e ? ᶲ C. e Ouistreham Portsmouth = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) January 2010 December 2010 24

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of C. e ? = 0. 2082+0. 0496 * ln(ETR) - (0. 319 * DIP) + (0. 000166 * PAR) ᶲ C. e = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR Small cells = high surface/volume Low DIP concentrations High ᶲ C. e DIP = good integrator of the effect of small cells on 25 ᶲ C. e

Main results The shape of the relationship between PAM measurements and carbon incorporation is logarithmic due to alternative electron sinks at high light. C Alternative electrons sinks ETR Using a multi-parametric model, we can obtain a good estimation of the carbon incorporation at a high spatio-temporal scale, coupling low frequency measurements of carbon incorporation, and high frequency measurements of ETR. The study also highlights the importance of taking into account the functional group into the estimation of C. e and particularly the dynamics of small 26 cells.

Thank you for your attention !!

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Calvin cycle RUBISCO Oxygenase CO 2 Carbohydrates Carboxylase H+ NADPH + H+ ATP ADP+Pi H+ ATPase Fd e- PSII PSI e- LUMEN 29 H 2 O O 2 + STROMA H+

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Calvin cycle RUBISCO Cyclic electron flow around PSII Oxygenase CO 2 Carbohydrates Carboxylase H+ NADPH + H+ ATP ADP+Pi H+ ATPase Fd e- PSII PSI e- LUMEN 30 H 2 O O 2 + STROMA H+

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Calvin cycle RUBISCO Mehler reaction Oxygenase CO 2 Carbohydrates Carboxylase H+ NADPH + ATP H+ ADP+Pi H+ Fd e- PSII O 2 - H 2 O LUMEN 31 O 2 + H 2 O 2 STROMA PSI e. H 2 O ATPase H+

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Calvin cycle RUBISCO Nitrate reductase Oxygenase CO 2 Carbohydrates Carboxylase H+ NADPH + H+ ATP ADP+Pi H+ Fd e- PSII NO-3 NO-2 LUMEN 32 O 2 + STROMA PSI e. H 2 O ATPase H+

How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Photorespiration Calvin cycle RUBISCO O 2 Oxygenase CO 2 Carbohydrates Carboxylase H+ NADPH + H+ ATP ADP+Pi H+ ATPase Fd e- PSII PSI e- LUMEN 33 H 2 O O 2 + STROMA H+