2019 GCHERA Conference Transforming Higher Education Conference Program

2019 GCHERA Conference Transforming Higher Education - Conference Program October 28 -29, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Innovation in education at Chinese Universities LIU Zhimin (Jimmy)PH. D, Prof. Director of Higher Education Institute , NJAU liuzhimin@njau. edu. cn 1 Oct. 29, 2019

Main Contents o Mass Education Processing o Educational Internationalization o Double-WCUs’ Construction o New Strategies linked to Education Innovation o Higher Agric-Universities’ Innovation 2

o Burton R. Clark's "Triangular Coordination" Theory in Higher Education System: Government Centralized Universities Market The vast majority of Chinese colleges and universities are public ones, and the state financial input is always an important source of universities’ funds. 3

1. China’s Mass Education Processing Table 1 Comparation of China’s higher education index in different years TIME (Year) 1978 2018 Universities 598 2663 Students’ No. GER: 85. 6 X 104 1. 6% 2020 38. 3 X 106 (38. 3 million） 48. 1% 50% ***Martin Trow’s THEORY: GER<15% : Elite education; GER=15 -50% : Mass education GER>50%: Universal education GER(Gross enrollment ratios) = Students/College age population(18 -22 yr old)（%） 4

1978, 1. 6 % 50% 1988, 3. 7 % 1998, 9. 8 % 2008, 23. 3% 2018, 42. 7% 2020 5

3000 2500 2000 招生数 在校生数 Enrollment Total 1500 毕业生数 Graduation 1000 500 0 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004 2014 Fig. 1 Changes of China’s university’s students in different period 6

GER（%） GREECE Israel, Greece , Russia, Cambodia RUSSAN ISRAL CAMBODIA Fig 2. The changes of GER among four Model countries from 1970 -2014 7

Why Does it happy? 1. Scholar Theory : Scale economy(<3000, >10000) 2. Mr. Tang Min’s proposal : 3 yr. 2 times, Enlarge the enrolments → Economic growth 2 X 50 billion. 3. Government ‘s Policies : The “Action Plan for Education Revitalization for the 21 st Century” issued by the Ministry of Education in 1999. The paper proposes that by 2010, the gross enrollment rate of higher education will reach 15%. Measures: (1) To establish new college or affiliated college (“So called Privative ones”) (2) To merge into universities (even academic schools to universities) (3) To upgrade the department into college and college into a university 8

2. China’s Educational Internationalization In the 2018, About 1. 26 million Chinese students have been sent to 103 countries and regions to study, ¼ of world total No. At the same time, China is also one of the countries which receive the most international students. Over 492, 185 international students from 196 countries & regions came to China for study in 2018. 9

Table 2 Shares of the top 8 countries for international students in 2001 and 2016 Share in 2001(%) US 28% UK 11% Germany 9% France 7% Australia 4% Japan 3% Spain 2% Belgium 2% ∑ 66% Share in 2016 (%) US UK China France Australia Russian Canada Germany 25% 12% 10% 8% 7% 7% 6% 6% ∑ 81% Source : Institute of International Education. Report on International Educational Exchange. American: IIE, 2016. 10

3. China’s Double-WCUs Construction o China’s 211 project. It started at the beginning of 1990’s, which is the Chinese government's new endeavor aimed at strengthening about 100 institutions of higher education and key disciplinary areas as a national priority for the 21 st century. o China’s 985 Project On May, 1998, China carried out the 1998 -2002 Action Plan for Invigorating Education in the 21 st Century. （“ 211”+“ 985” modification “DFCUP” ) o China’s Double First Class University Plan or Double Top University create Plan is a plan conceived in 2015 to world class universities and disciplines in China by the end of 2050. 11

Double First Class Universities 2 7 39 56 113 366 2663 578 1245 1418 237) General ( Others Bachelo r Master Doctor 211 project Graduate school 985 project Fig. 3 A Framework of University’s Structure in China Professional 12 12

4. New Strategies linked to Education Innovation (esp. Factors of Strategic Missions driving Agric. H. E. innovation) o 1), Innovative country by 2020 -2030 & a strong country in higher education by 2050. （ sci. & tech. in modern life sic. , information, engineering, management etc. WCUs & First-Class Disciplines). o 2), Structural reforms in the supply side of agriculture , the quality & green agriculture, modern agric. industrial system. o 3) “Beautiful China” by 2035 and to promote rural revitalization. TO solve environmental problems, protect ecosystems, and reform the ecological environment supervision system. o 4）The Belt and Road initiative. The development of agriculture and animal husbandry, science and technology education. 13

5. China’s Higher Agric-Universities’ Innovation Agricultural discipline ranked the forth largest one in China. There are 337 universities in China carried out the major of agriculture(4 yrs). The ratio of Agric-bachelors in the total numbers is 4. 08%, that of Agromasters 2. 89% and that of Agro-Doctors 4. 19%. 14

Table 3 List of agro-related undergraduate education institutions in China 2014 Universities China Agricultural University Northwest A&F University Nanjing Agricultural University Beijing Forestry University Huazhong Agricultural University Northeast Forestry University Sichuan Agricultural University Northeast Agricultural University Model Administrator Project 211 Project 985 A A S S A A E E E P P + + + + + Notes: “A” means institution has adopted model A (Agro-related universitie s merged) and “S” model S (Self-development university without merging); “E” means institution is currently under the administration of the Ministry of Education and “P” under the provincial government; “+” means the institution has been granted “Project 211” or /and granted “Project 985”. o It is approximated that the modification gave rise to the decreasing number of agro-universities from 62 in 1992 to 41 as at now 15

(3) Scale of(2)Agro-H. E. agricultural students from. Kinds 2005 to 2016 Status: Three of higher agroeducation institutions in China 300000 (1) Changes of Agricultural Education Models Agricultural 250000 universities 200000 managed by the Ministry of 150000 Education 100000 Types 50000 Agricultural universities/ Agricultural colleges under the Comprehensive Universities supervision of provincial or local governments 1952 Doctor candidate Master candidate undergraduate Table 2. Numbers of. Agricultural agricultural education institutions colleges Levels /Universities Doctor Master Bachelo r 70 185 337 Agro-related 1990 s 0 universities/colleges 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Agricultural 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Universities Agricultural 29 40 39 Comprehensive Universities Fig. 2 Scale changes of Normal Agri-students from 2005 to 2016 universities/colleges Universities junior college student Vocational Education 441 77 Polytechnic Colleges Fig. 4 Numbers of disciplines entering ESI 1% and 1‰ ……. . 16 16 16

（1）Strategic Measures Agric. H. E. are undertaking o To Serve the society as its responsibility o Construction Plan of New Rural Development Research Institute in Universities”(2012 -01) o On Promoting the Comprehensive Reform of Higher A&F Education(2013 -11) 17

（1）Strategic Measures Agric. H. E. are undertaking o To turn 600 undergraduate colleges into vocational education ones(2014 -09) o Excellent Agriculture and Forestry Talents Education and Training Program(2014 -09) o Universities’ Rural Revitalization Technology Innovation Action Plan (2018 -2022)（2018 -06） 18

(2) Strategic Measures Agric. U. are undertaking o China Agric. Univ. 121 “Sci. & Tech. Small Houses” Model o North Western A & F Univ. Expert Courtyard - Xi Nong Model o NJAU. Agric sci. -education union/ teaching-learning integration Model o Huazhong Agric. Univ. -research- enterprise Collaborative innovation model 19

Thank you for your attention! 20