U S China Relations Maoist Era 1949 1976

U. S. -China Relations

Maoist Era (1949 - 1976) • Main foreign policy makers • Mao Zedong (CCP and PRC Chairman) • Zhou Enlai (Premier and Foreign Minister)

Cold War • Alliance with Soviet Union in 1950 s • Mao Zedong: ``lean on one side” • Alliance with ``Third World” in 1960 s • Replaced ROC in United Nations in 1971 • Normalize with United States in 1970 s • Alliance with United States in 1980 s

Break the Ice in 1970 s • PRC-USA adversary in 1950 s and 1960 s • Growing threat from Soviet Union • Mao said to Edgar Snow in 1970: ``If Nixon would come I’ll talk with him” • ``Ping-pong diplomacy” in 1971

Nixon in China (1972)

Taiwan Issue • A sensitive issue in PRC-US relations • 3 US-PRC Joint Communiqués • 1972 • 1978 • 1982 • Taiwan Relations Act • 1979

1972 -02 -28 Communiqué • The U. S. side declared: The United States acknowledges • that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China • that Taiwan is a part of China

1978 -12 -16 Communiqué • Reaffirm the principles agreed on by the two sides in the Shanghai Communiqué • US recognizes the Government of the PRC as the sole legal Government of China. • Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan

Diplomatic Relation (1979) • The U. S. announced • the severance of its diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan) • the withdrawal of its troops from Taiwan • the ceasing of the U. S. -R. O. C. Joint Defense Treaty • within 1979

1982 -08 -17 Communiqué • P. R. C-U. S. Communiqué: U. S. • does not seek to carry out a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan • arms sales to Taiwan will not exceed the level of those supplied in recent years • intends gradually to reduce its sale of arms to Taiwan, leading, over a period of time, to a final resolution

Deng Xiaoping’s Strategies • One Focus • economic modernization • Two themes: ``peace and development” • relatively peaceful world is favorable for domestic economic construction • trade, investment, and economic cooperation

Diplomatic Relation (1979) • 1978 -12 -16: ``Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America" • 1979 -01 -01: P. R. China and the U. S. formally established diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level • 1979 -01 -29: Deputy Prime Minister Deng Xiaoping arrived in the U. S. for a visit

Post-Cold War • PRC perceives a world with ``only one superpower but many great powers” • PRC’s principal national interest defined as economic modernization • PRC diplomacy seeks to maintain conditions conducive to continued economic growth

PRC Strategies after 1996 • Reassure neighbors that China’s development doesn’t pose threat but offers opportunities • Partner (but not ally) with major powers (U. S. , Russia, European Union, Japan, etc. )

Great Power Partnerships • Stable relations without targeting 3 rd party • Promote extensive economic relations • Downplay disagreements on domestic issues in the interest of working together on matters of shared concern • Routine official visits, especially military exchange and summit meetings

Cooperative Partnership • “Constructive strategic partnership”(1997) • Cooperative working relationship • trade and investment • UN security council • export controls of military technology • fight against international terrorism • contain tensions in Korea and South Asia

Tests of the Partnership • US bombed PRC embassy in Belgrade in 1999 • Mid-air collision of US and Chinese military planes in 2001 • Human rights in China • Political dissidents • Religious freedom • Trade dispute since 2018