China under Mao Zedong 1949 1976 Outline GMDCCP

China under Mao Zedong 1949 - 1976

Outline • • • GMD-CCP Civil War (1946 -1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949 -1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956 -1957) Great Leap Forward (1958 -1961) Recovery & growing elite division (1962 -5) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976)

WW 2 in China 1937 -1945

Civil War (1946 – 1949) • GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) – Chiang Kai-shek (President) • CCP: Chinese Communist Party – Mao Zedong

“War of Liberation”

Mao Zedong • A revolution to remove “ 3 big mountains” – imperialism – feudalism – bureaucrat-capitalism • A “United Front” of … – workers – peasants – petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

People’s Republic of China • 1949 -10 -01, PRC, Beijing • Chairman: Mao Zedong • 5 -Star Red Flag • Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

Economic Reconstruction 1950 s • • Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) First National People’s Congress (1954) – PRC Constitution • Zhou Enlai – Premier – Foreign Minister

Great Leap Forward (19581960) • abandon the Soviet model of economic development – Soviet “scientific planning” • mass mobilization • people’s communes

Great Leap Forward (19581960) • unrealistic output targets – industry – agricultural and human disaster

Growing Division (1962 -1965) • Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping • charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976) • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution – commitment to revolution and “class struggle” – power struggle to succeed Mao • Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” • Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao • Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”

Phase I: Red Guards (1966 -69)

Phase I: Red Guards (1966 -69) • Purge of party cadres – Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping • Purge of intellectuals

Phase II: Lin Biao (1969 -71) • the putative successor to Mao Zedong – the cult of personality around Mao • In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed – to assassinate Mao – to flee to Soviet Union (“ 9. 13”) • “ 9. 13” eroded the credibility – of the entire leadership – of the Cultural Revolution

Phase III: the “Gang of Four” • 1972 – 1976 • power struggle between – the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife – the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai • the fate of Deng Xiaoping

Diplomatic Breakthrough • 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)

Diplomatic Breakthrough • 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 • Turning point in China’s postwar era • “Gang of Four” were arrested • End of the Cultural Revolution

Reforms and Opening up • The 3 rd Plenum of the 11 th CCP Central Committee in 1978 – Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy – economic modernization became focus • US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979