TOURISM Principles Practices Philosophies Charles R Goeldner J

TOURISM ______________ Principles, Practices, Philosophies Charles R. Goeldner J. R. Brent Ritchie TWELFTH EDITION © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

CHAPTER 17 TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Understand fundamental nature of sustainable development and sustainable tourism. • Identify guiding principles for achieving sustainable tourism. • Review policy aims of an agenda for sustainable tourism. • Examine major challenges facing achievement of sustainable tourism. • Identify new realities of tourism in era of global climate change. • Examine policies and measures to mitigate tourism-induced climate change. • Examine concept of ecotourism and its role in sustainable tourism. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

WTTC KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES • • • Global warming Depletion of the ozone layer Acid rain Depletion and pollution of water resources Depletion and pollution of land resources © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

WTTC IMPLICATIONS OF RESOURCE DEPLETION • Political instability or increased competition for land could lead to loss of potential new tourism destinations and degradation of existing destinations • Loss of landscape and wildlife could cause decrease in customer satisfaction with tourism products and lower propensity to travel to some destinations • Higher fuel prices could lead to operational price increases and corresponding decreases in number of travelers in this “price-sensitive market” © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

ELEMENTS OF THE WTTC VISION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT • Travel & Tourism is integral aspect of modern societies. • Global awareness of environmental damage is developing rapidly. • The resources of world’s largest industry can and must be harnessed to achieve environmental goals. • The industry has potential to influence billions of customers per year and use its leverage to achieve beneficial environmental effects. • The customer challenge will exert a growing pressure to achieve environmental improvements. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

ELEMENTS OF THE WTTC VISION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT (CONTINUED) • Environmental lobbies will add pressure to develop good environmental practice. • Self-regulation must be developed rapidly and effectively and used to influence development of appropriate and workable regulations. • Corporate environmental mission statements are a vital first step toward self-regulation. • Environmental leadership must come from the major international companies. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM: THE CRITICAL AREAS • • Defining the Relevant Population/Community Defining the Time Horizon Defining the Dimensions of Sustainability Defining the Values that Underlie Sustainable Development © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN TOURISM: POSSIBLE ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITY © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: 12 AIMS FOR AN AGENDA 1. Economic viability: Ensure viability/competitiveness of tourism destinations and enterprises, so they continue to prosper and deliver benefits in the long term. 2. Local prosperity: Maximize contribution of tourism to economic prosperity of host destination, including proportion of visitor spending retained locally. 3. Employment quality: Strengthen number and quality of local jobs created/supported by tourism, including level of pay, conditions of service, and availability without discrimination by gender, race, disability or other ways. 4. Social equity: Seek widespread, fair distribution of economic/ social benefits from tourism throughout recipient community, including improving opportunities, income, and services available to the poor. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: 12 AIMS FOR AN AGENDA (CONTINUED) 5. Visitor fulfillment: Provide safe, satisfying, fulfilling experience for visitors, available without discrimination by gender, race, disability, or other ways. 6. Local control: Engage/ empower local communities in planning, decision making about management /future development of tourism in their area, in consultation with other stakeholders. 7. Community well-being: Maintain, strengthen quality of life in local communities, including social structures and access to resources, amenities, and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation. 8. Cultural richness: Respect, enhance historic heritage, authentic culture, traditions, and distinctiveness of host communities. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: 12 AIMS FOR AN AGENDA (CONTINUED) 9. Physical integrity: Maintain, enhance quality of landscapes, both urban and rural, and avoid physical and visual degradation of the environment. 10. Biological diversity: Support conservation of natural areas, habitats, and wildlife; minimize damage. 11. Resource efficiency: Minimize use of scarce and nonrenewable resources in development and operation of tourism facilities and services. 12. Environmental purity: Minimize pollution of air, water, land the generation of waste by tourism enterprises and visitors. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

CARRYING CAPACITY DEFINED… Maximum amount of development, use, growth, or change a site or destination can endure without unacceptable alteration in physical environment, community’s social fabric, and/or local economy; and without unacceptable decline in quality of experience gained by the visitor. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

THREE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY 1. Economic 2. Social 3. Environmental © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

THREE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

DEFINITIONS OF ECOTOURISM Some definitions of ecotourism: • Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people • Environmentally friendly travel that emphasizes seeing and saving natural habitats and archeological treasures • A tool for conservation • Ecologically responsible tourism © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

TYPES OF INDICATORS • Core indicators of sustainable tourism which have been developed for general application to all destinations • Destination-specific indicators applicable to particular ecosystems or types of tourism. These indicators fall into two categories: 1. Supplementary ecosystem-specific indicators for application to particular ecosystems (e. g. , coastal areas, parks and protected areas, or mountainous regions). 2. Site-specific indicators developed uniquely for the particular site. These reflect important factors of the site, which may not be adequately covered by core and supplementary eco-system-specific indicator sets, but are nonetheless needed for management of the particular site. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

BENEFITS AND IMPORTANCE OF ECOTOURISM • Provides jobs and income for local people • Makes possible funds to purchase and improve protected or natural areas to attract more ecotourists in the future • Provides environmental education for visitors • Encourages heritage and environmental preservation and enhancement © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

TOURISM INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS OF CANADA • Enjoy diverse natural and cultural heritage and help to protect and preserve it • Assist in conservation efforts through efficient use of resources, including energy and water • Experience friendliness of our people and welcoming spirit of our communities. Help preserve these by respecting our traditions, customs, local regulations • Avoid activities which threaten wildlife or plant populations, or which may be potentially damaging to our natural environment • Select tourism products and services that demonstrate social, cultural, environmental sensitivity © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

COMMON FEATURES OF ALL CODES • The need to make an overall commitment to physical and human environment, to accept responsibility for environmental damage and take corrective action where necessary, and promote, reward outstanding environmental performance • The need to develop policies and strategies that take account of land-use planning regulations and the need to protect some areas from further development • The need to develop management policies that enhance beneficial and minimize adverse impacts on the environment • The need to cooperate with other firms, sectors and countries © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved