The Sentence As much as any sane person

The Sentence As much as any sane person needs to know…

Terms we’ll need • Subject • Verb • Clause • • Independent Dependent

Simple sentence A simple sentence has one independent clause and no dependent clauses: v The student yawned.

Although a simple sentence cannot have a dependent clause, it can have modifiers: • The tall student sitting in the back in my Pre-AP English class yawned loudly. The basic sentence is ‘The student yawned’. The other words are modifiers - they are descriptive words.

• A simple sentence contains only one independent clause, but it can have more than one subject or verb: • TWO SUBJECTS: The student and his friend yawned. • TWO VERBS : The student yawned and fell asleep.

Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs • TWO SUBJECTS: The student and his friend yawned. • TWO VERBS : The student yawned and fell asleep.

A sentence with all these elements will be long, but it is still simple because it contains only one independent clause: The tall student sitting in the back in my Pre-AP English class and his friend yawned loudly and fell asleep. Can you identify the ‘real’ sentence and the modifiers?

Compound Verbs The tall student sitting in the back in my Pre. AP English class and his friend yawned loudly and fell asleep.

Compound sentence A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction: INDEPENDENT CLAUSE, COORDINATING CONJUNCTION INDEPENDENT CLAUSE • Katja got a new house, so he has to move. • I have a lot of homework, but I am not going to study tonight.

Notice the difference between a simple sentence with a compound verb and a compound sentence with two clauses: SIMPLE My house guests returned from a long day of shopping and went straight to bed. COMPOUND My house guests returned home from a long day of shopping, and we decided to stay at home instead of going out. What is the difference?

Compound sentence with coordinating conjunctions Most compound sentences are formed with a coordinating conjunction: and, or, but, so, for, nor, yet. The last three occur almost exclusively in writing, so they add a level of formality: • The experiment was deemed successful, yet our results were unsatisfactory. • The students were unhappy with their professor, for he often wasted their time in class.

Coordinating Conjunctions For And Nor But Or Yet So

Complex sentence A complex sentence has an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses (independent clauses are in italics): • Since we got to the concert late, we had to make our way to our seats in the dark. • We left class early so that we could attend a special lecture.

Complex sentences should be punctuated in one of two ways: v INDEPENDENT CLAUSE dependent clause (no comma) We left class early so that we could attend a special lecture. v. Dependent clause, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (comma) So that we could attend a special lecture, we left class early.

Comparing compound and complex sentences • To provide interest, variety, and coherence • compound sentences differ from complex sentences in one important way: In a compound sentence, both clauses have equal importance; in a complex sentence, the independent clause is more important.

Compare these sentences • COMPOUND John was tired, but he finished his homework. • COMPLEX Although John was tired, he finished his homework. • In the first sentence, the writer is communicating that both clauses are equally important. In the second sentence, the writer is saying that the subordinate clause ("John was tired") is less important than the independent clause ("he finished his homework").

Long, rambling sentences Writing that has too many strings of independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions can be tiresome and frustrating for the reader. These long rambling sentences leave the reader out of breath and wondering which information is important. Long rambling sentences are also perceived as informal because they duplicate spoken language

Look at this paragraph with many independent clauses joined with coordinating conjunctions: I went home, but my roommate wasn't there, so I started to cook dinner, but my roommate came in and saw me trying to cook her favorite recipe, but I didn't really know how to make it well, and she got really angry, so I stopped cooking, and she made dinner for us, and then everything was all right.

The independent clauses are underlined, and the coordinating conjunctions are in bold: I went home, but my roommate wasn't there, so I started to cook dinner, but my roommate came in and saw me trying to cook her favorite recipe, but I didn't really know how to make it well, and she got really angry, so I stopped cooking, and she made dinner for us, and then everything was all right.

This is better! Notice how it makes use of a variety of sentence structures. When I went home, my roommate wasn't there, so I started to cook dinner. Then, my roommate came in and saw me trying to cook her favorite recipe even though I didn't know how to make it well. I stopped cooking because she got really angry. In the end, she made dinner for us, and everything was all right.