THE ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION UNO FLAG

THE ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)

FLAG OF UNITED NATIONS EMBLEM OF UNITED NATIONS ROLE OF UNO

ESTABLISHMENT OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS The 20 th Century witnessed two world wars, which were highly destructive of life as well as material. These two wars shook the conscience of the people of the world and highlighted the need for peace and cooperation among the nations. The first attempt towards achieving this aim of world peace was in the form of the League of Nations after the first world war. This was, of course, a failure, as it could not avert the Second World War. The League’s Headquarters from 1929 until its dissolution The League of Nations’ Members of League during assembly buildings in Geneva 1920 -1945

Dumbarton Oaks League of Nations: created after WWI led to the creation of the UN • 1944. Reps of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August. October San Francisco • In 1945, reps of 50 countries met in San Francisco Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and a majority of other signatories.

ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED NATIONS The search for peace culminated in the formation of the UNITED NATIONS after World War II. From April 25 to June 26, 1945, delegates from 50 nations met at San Francisco to draft a charter for the United Nations. Later, many other countries joined United Nations. The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, when its charter had been ratified by China, France, the USSR, the UK and US, and by a majority of other signatories. This day every year is celebrated as the UN day the world over.

Charter : 30 articles https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n. Dg. IVse. Tk u. E

THE PURPOSES OF UNITED NATIONS The purposes of the United Nations are: 1. To maintain International peace and security. 2. To develop friendly relations among Nations. 3. To cooperate in solving International economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. 4. To protect Earth and Environment.

PRINCIPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS The main principles of the United Nations: 1. It is based on the sovereign equality of all its members. 2. All members are to fulfill in faith their charter obligations. 3. They are to settle their international disputes by peace. 4. They are to refrain from the threat or use of force against other state. 5. They are to give the United Nations every assistance in every action it takes in accordance with the charter. 6. Nothing in the charter is to authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT UNITED NATIONS UN HEADQUARTERS: The permanent headquarters of the UN since 1952, are New York. The first meeting of the General Assembly was held here in October 1952. UN FLAG: The white UN emblem is superimposed on light blue background. The emblem consist of the global map projected from the North Pole and embraced in twin olive branches (symbol of peace). The UN flag is not to be subordinated to any other flag of the world. FLAG OF UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS

UN OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: There are six official working languages recognised by the United Nations. They are Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. UN FINANCES: Contributions of member states constitute the main source of funds for the regular budget. A state’s share is primarily determined by its total national income in relation to that of the member states. MEMBERSHIP: Membership of the United Nations is open to all peace loving nations which accept the obligations of its charter and in the judgement of the organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. Members may be suspended or expelled by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

MAIN ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANS OF UNITED NATIONS: The UN has six main organs: 1. The General Assembly 2. The Security Council 3. The Secretariat 4. The Trusteeship Council 5. The Economic and Social Council 6. International Court of Justice

UN explained https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Qo. Iafzc 0 k 7 4

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY The General Assembly (Headquarters- New York): - The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ. The General Assembly is like a World Parliament. It ordinarily meets once a year unless there is some emergency for a special session. Decisions are taken by a twothird majority. Composed of all United Nations member states, the Assembly meets in regular yearly sessions under a President elected from among the member states. The first session was convened on 10 January, 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives from 51 Nations. UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY HALL

SECURITY COUNCIL Security Council (Headquarters- New York): The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. The Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member Governments have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council Resolutions. The Security Council comprises five permanent members. United States, Britain, France, Russia and China- and ten non-permanent members, who are elected for two years by General Assembly. The permanent members have the power to veto any of the decisions of SC. UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL CHAMBER

SECRETARIAT Secretariat (Headquarters- New York): The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary- General, assisted by a staff of International Civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meeting. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, The UN General Assembly, The UN Economic and Social Council and other UN bodies. The United Nations Charter provides that the staff be chosen by application of the “highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity, ” with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis. The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the UN. Each UN member country is enjoined to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff.

The Secretary- General alone is responsible for staff- selection. The Secretary General’s duties include helping resolve international disputes, administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences, gathering information on the implementation on the Security Council decisions, and consulting with member Governments regarding various initiatives. The Secretary- General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that, in his or her opinion, may threaten international peace and security. THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARIAT BUILDING AT THE UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS IN NEW YORK CITY

October 2016 An indirect Secretary-General election was held in October 2016 to choose the ninth Secretary-General of the United Nations, who will succeed Ban Ki-moon on 1 January 2017. António Guterres was elected for the role

António Guterres

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL Trusteeship Council (Headquarters- New York): Trusteeship Council aims helping countries under foreign rule to attain independence. There were eleven such countries that had come under this system after the second world war. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained independence. The last to do was the Palau, which became the 185 th Member state of the UN.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, all of which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen among the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC meets once a year in July for a four-week session. Since 1998, it has held another THE ECOSOC CHAMBER meeting each April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Viewed separate from the specialized bodies it coordinates, ECOSOC‘s functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations. In addition, ECOSOC is well-positioned to provide policy coherence and coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN’s subsidiary and it is in these roles that it is most active.

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE International Court of Justice (Headquarters- Netherlands): The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges elected by the Security Council and the General Assembly for a term of nine years. Each one of them has to be from a different country. The court gives advisory opinion on legal matters to the organs and special agencies of the UN when solicited. It also considers legal disputes brought before it by nations. PEACE PALACE, SEAT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE AT THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS

SPECIALISED AGENCIES OF UN 1. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION 2. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION 3. UNITED NATIONS, EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION 4. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION 5. WORLD BANK 6. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 7. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION 8. UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION 9. INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION 10. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION 11. WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANISATION 12. WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANISATION 13. INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 14. UN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION 15. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY 16. WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

SPECIAL BODIES OF UNITED NATIONS 1. UNITED NATIONS CHLDREN FUND (UNICEF) 2. UN CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) 3. UN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) 4. UN INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH (UNITAR) 5. UN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP) 6. UN UNIVERSITY (UNU) 7. WORLD FOOD COUNCIL (WFC) 8. UNITED NATIONS VOLUNTEERS (UNV) 9. UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND (UNFPA) 10. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC) 11. UN HUMAN SETTLEMENT PROGRAMME (UN- HABITAT) 12. UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR DISARMAMENT RESEARCH 13. UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (UNRISD) 14. UNITED NATIONS INTER- REGIONAL CRIME AND JUSTICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (UNICRI)

HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1. Treaty on cyber Crime: - On November 23, 2001 representatives of 30 countries met in Budapest and signed the first ever international treaty on criminal offences committed in the internet. 2. UN Resolution 1973 - Effort to nab terrorism: - Following the Global demand to act against terrorists and states that support or harbor them, the UN unanimously passed the resolution. 3. Millennium Summit: - At the summit, held at UN Headquarters from 6 to 8 September, 2000, World leaders established

4. Protecting Children in war: - The General Assembly in 2000 adopted a draft to the convention on the right of the child, under which state parties agree to raise the age limit for both compulsory recruitment and participation in combat from 15 to 18. 5. UN Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon urges greater efforts to feed world’s hungry amid ongoing recession. 6. UN refugee agency calls on Kenya to stop forced return of Somali asylum seekers. 7. UN rural Development arm to help poor farmers in Tajikistan.

Almost 70 YEARS OF UN PEACEKEEPING Today, peace and security are not longer viewed only in terms of absence of military conflicts but the common interests of human- kind. Over the years the General Assembly has helped to promote peaceful relations among nations by adopting several resolutions and declarations on peace, the peaceful settlement of disputes and international cooperation in strengthening peace. UN played effective peace making role in Afghanistan, Somalia, crisis in former Yugoslav Republics, Kosovo, Middle East (Arabs, Israel conflict), Angola, Congo, Rwanda, and in Gulf crisis. 29 May 2015 marks not only the international day of peacekeepers, but also the sixty fifth anniversary of UN Peacekeeping Operation.