The Importance of the Nervous System The Importance

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The Importance of the Nervous System

The Importance of the Nervous System

The Importance of the Nervous System Response to Change… • Adjustments made by electrochemical

The Importance of the Nervous System Response to Change… • Adjustments made by electrochemical messages to & from the brain or by chemical messengers (hormones).

Vertebrate Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) • Nerves of the brain & spinal

Vertebrate Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) • Nerves of the brain & spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Nerves between organs & the CNS. • Includes somatic & autonomic nerves.

Vertebrate Nervous System Somatic Nervous System • Controls skeletal muscle, bones & skin. Autonomic

Vertebrate Nervous System Somatic Nervous System • Controls skeletal muscle, bones & skin. Autonomic Nervous System • Control internal organs. • Includes sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system.

Anatomy of a Neurons • Functional units of nervous system. • Includes sensory neurons,

Anatomy of a Neurons • Functional units of nervous system. • Includes sensory neurons, interneurons & motor neurons. Glial Cells • Non-conducting cells. • Involved with structural support & metabolism of neurons.

Anatomy of a Neuron

Anatomy of a Neuron

Anatomy of a Neuron Dendrites • Receives information. • Carries impulses toward cell body.

Anatomy of a Neuron Dendrites • Receives information. • Carries impulses toward cell body. Axon • Sends impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons and/or effectors.

Anatomy of a Neuron Myelin Sheath • Surrounds & insulates axons. • Formed by

Anatomy of a Neuron Myelin Sheath • Surrounds & insulates axons. • Formed by Schwann cells (glial cells). Nodes of Ranvier • Spaces between myelin sheath. • Nerve impulses “jump” from node to speed up rate of transmission.

Anatomy of a Neuron

Anatomy of a Neuron

Sensory Neurons • Known as afferent neurons. • Sense & relay info (stimuli) from

Sensory Neurons • Known as afferent neurons. • Sense & relay info (stimuli) from the environment to the CNS.

Motor Neuron • Known as efferent neurons. • Relay information to the effectors (muscles,

Motor Neuron • Known as efferent neurons. • Relay information to the effectors (muscles, organs, glands).

Interneurons • • Known as association neurons. In brain & spinal cord. Integrate &

Interneurons • • Known as association neurons. In brain & spinal cord. Integrate & interpret sensory stimuli. Connect afferent & efferent neurons.

Integration of the Different Neurons

Integration of the Different Neurons

Neuron Repair • Neurilemma is a thin membrane that surrounds some axons. • Promotes

Neuron Repair • Neurilemma is a thin membrane that surrounds some axons. • Promotes regeneration of damaged axons.

White vs. Grey Matter White Matter • Myelinated neurons in the CNS that contain

White vs. Grey Matter White Matter • Myelinated neurons in the CNS that contain neurilemma. Grey Matter • Non-myelinated neurons in the CNS that lack myelin and neurilemma.

Neural Circuits & Reflexes Reflex Arc • Stimulus receptor sensory neuron interneuron (spinal cord)

Neural Circuits & Reflexes Reflex Arc • Stimulus receptor sensory neuron interneuron (spinal cord) motor neuron effector • Involuntary & unconscious.

Reflex Arc

Reflex Arc

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