The Eisenhower Kennedy Administrations Policies Strategies Eisenhowers 1

The Eisenhower & Kennedy Administrations: Policies & Strategies

Eisenhower’s 1 st Inaugural Address: January 20, 1953 n n Religion distinguishes the United States from the USSR The Cold War is a war between freedom & slavery The world’s economies are interdependent Guiding Principles of the U. S. n n n Love of Peace Rejection of Appeasement Maintenance of American power Respect for each nation in the world Economic prosperity necessary for military strength Support of the United Nations

Eisenhower's Plan for Global Disarmament Eisenhower has 5 policies for the Developing World n n n Arms Control n n n U. S. will submit to international inspection if other nations reciprocate Purpose = to save future generations from the “scourge of war” Need to forge bonds of a world community n n n Non-Interference in Africa Help securing African security w/o wasteful armaments Emergency Aid to the Congo International Aid to promote long-term African development U. N. aid for education U. N. should help build this world community U. N. should not be abused as an instrument of propaganda of individual nations

Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" Speech to the U. N. (Dec. 8, 1953) n n n United States' Atomic Stockpile exceeds the explosive equivalent of the total of all bombs used by every nation in all of the years of World War II The USSR is quickly catching up The U. S. & USSR must negotiate for peace Atomic power should be used for peaceful purposes Ike’s proposals n n Each nation should contribute atomic materials to the International Atomic Energy Commission Cooperation must be done in good faith The I. A. E. C should be responsible for handling atomic materials Experts should find peaceful uses of atomic energy

Geneva Conference n n n n The conference met in 1955 in the city of Geneva, the countries attending included: United Kingdom, United States, France, and U. S. S. R. The Representatives that attended at the conference are as follows -U. S. S. R. ~Bulganin -France~ Mendes-France -U. K. ~Eden -U. S. A. ~Eisenhower The world leaders discussed issues on security, armaments, German unification, and stronger east west relationships This treaty eventually lead to the Austrian peace treaty of 1955 resulting in the end of joint occupation of Austria. This conference marked an era of renewed optimism in cold war relationships, however this was disrupted later by the Suez Crisis Retrieved from "http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geneva_Confere nce_%281955%29"

Hungarian Revolt n n n Oct. 23 -Nov 4, 1956 Anti-Soviet Revolt Causes n n n Khrushchev “de-Stalinization” Liberalization in the Eastern Bloc Hungarians seized opportunity to throw off the Soviet yolk Freedom Fighters hoped for American Support American non-intervention was a de facto confirmation of Cold War boundaries Revolt was brutally suppressed & Hungary remained in the Communist orbit

Nixon in Moscow n n July 1959 Vice-President Nixon visits Moscow for the opening of the American National Exhibition During the visit, Khrushchev & Nixon had a heated debate Know as the “Kitchen Debate” For the exhibit, an entire house was built that the Americans claimed anyone in America could afford n n The Debate took place in the house's kitchen n Filled with luxury goods Khrushchev & Nixon debated the merits of Communism vs. Capitalism Nixon tactfully tried to focus on household appliances such as the washing machine, rather than bombs or weapons In the U. S. , most believed that Nixon won the debate

U-2 Spy Plane Crisis n n n U-2 = high-altitude U. S. spy plane May 1, 1960, U-2 shot down over the USSR U. S. denied the plane was a spy plane n n n Called it a weather plane Khrushchev forced the U. S. to admit it he produced the living pilot and the plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially The incident worsened East-West relations and was a great embarrassment for the United States n The Paris Summit between Eisenhower and Khrushchev collapsed

Eisenhower's Farewell Address (January 17, 1961) n n n The military establishment has changed dramatically since WW 2 “permanent armaments industry of vast proportions” has been erected More money is spent annually on the military than the incomes of every American corporation combined U. S. must guard against “military-industrial complex” International disarmament is the solution to the potential loss of liberties to the military industrial complex at home

Space Race n n n The '''Space Race ''' was an informal competition between the US & USSR lasted from 1957 to 1975. It involved the parallel efforts by each of those countries to explore space with artificial satellites, to send humans into space, and to land people on the Moon The Space Race effectively began after the Soviet launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957. the Sputnik satellite = 1 st ever satellite in orbit

Soviet Space Program n n n n Soviets had early success in space Serge Korolyov = the head of the Soviet space program First animal to enter Earth orbit, Laika on Sputnik 2 (1957) April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet Cosmonaut, became the 1 st man in space August 1962, the Soviets put two men into space simultaneously First woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, Vostok 6 (1963) March 1965, the Soviets demonstrated the 1 st successful “space walk”

JFK & the Space Program n n Early Soviet successes in space made many Americans believe that the U. S. was lagging too far behind JFK established the goal of beating the Soviets to the moon Research began for the Apollo Program Goal = to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade

JFK Acceptance of the Democratic Nomination (July 15, 1960) n n JFK is the first Catholic nominated by the Democrats since 1928 Faith should not determine for whom one votes n n n JFK is appealing to the disenchanted The balance of power across the world is changing n n His religious beliefs will not determine what he thinks is best for the country Communist influence is spreading There are changes in the urban & rural areas A vibrant new generation not bound to the past is coming into power America stands on the edge of a “New Frontier”

JFK's Inaugural Speech (Jan. 20, 1961) n n n Democratic Principles are at stake around the world America is committed to Human Rights & Liberty We must cooperate with our allies We must negotiate with our foes The poor in the developing nations must be helped “ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country. ”

Kennedy & the Peace Corps. n n n n Corps =a pool of trained American men and women sent overseas by the U. S. Government to help developing countries JFK’s proposal was enthusiastically received by America’s youth Claims that the Peace Corps is not designed as an instrument of diplomacy or propaganda Life in the Peace Corps Difficult Low salary Expected to live with native population The organization is designed to further the cause of peace throughout the world

Kennedy’s Berlin Speech n The Berlin Wall was erected on August 13, 1961 n n Berlin represents the differences between the East & West n n To prevent people in the East from fleeing to the West The West has never built a wall to keep its citizens in Berlin shows the failure of Communism Berlin is on the front line in the battle for freedom “All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words "Ich bin ein Berliner. "

n Slide #1 n n n Slide #2 n Slide #3 n Slide #4 n Slide #5 n Slide #6 n n n n Slide #7 n Slide #8 n Bibliography Ike Photo: http: //www. homeofheroes. com/presidents/inaugural/pres_eisenhower. jpg JFK Photo: http: //www. fiftiesweb. com/kennedy/john-f-kennedy-2. jpg Ike swearing in: http: //www. homeofheroes. com/presidents/inaugural/inaug_ike_1. jpg Life Magazine: http: //www. 2 neatmagazines. com/covers/1960 cover/1960 -Oct-3. jpg Atomic Bomb: http: //www. sbac. edu/~palmergw/A-Bomb. jpg Ike & Khruschev: http: //www. historycentral. com/postwar/geneva. jpg Time Magazine Cover: http: //www. pinetreeline. org/metz/photos/metz 487. jpg Photo of Toppled Stalin Statue: http: //www. internationalist. org/hungarystalinwww. JPG Photo of Hungarians on Soviet Tank: http: //newsimg. bbc. co. uk/media/images/38809000/jpg/_38809447_tank_ap_238. jpg Nixon & Khruschev: http: //www. oldenziel. com/images/Khrushev-Nixon%20 kitchen%20 Moscow. gif n n U-2 Plane: http: //www. militaryfactory. com/aircraft/imgs/u 2. jpg Khruschev inspecting the U-2: http: //www. cia. gov/csi/studies/winter 98_99/page 12. gif n Francis Gary Powers on Trial: http: //history. acusd. edu/gen/filmnotes/images/trial 18. jpg n Slide #9 n Slide #10 n n Eisenhower: http: //www. ioncinema. com/beta/posters/2006_whywefight 2. jpg Sputnik: http: //mek. kosmo. cz/druzice/rusko/sputnik/sp 1_01. jpg Russian Stamp: http: //de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bild: Sputnik-stamp-ussr. jpg Slide #11 n n n Russian Stamp: http: //www. enchantedlearning. com/lgifs/Laikastamp. GIF Russian Rocket: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Soyuz_rocket. jpg Yuri Gagarin: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Yuri_Gagarin_official_portrait. jpg n Slide #12 n Slide #13 n Slide #14 n n n JFK inspecting Mercury Capsule: http: //www. romfart. no/Sitater/Bilder/Kennedy. John. Glenn. John. Mercury. jpg Chart of Space Launches: http: //www. fas. org/irp/dia/product/88_space_launch. jpg JFK Campaign Poster: http: //scriptorium. lib. duke. edu/americavotes/jfk-sticker. jpeg n Slide #15 n Slide #16 n n JFK Photo: http: //www. photographicimage. com/prodimg/TLF-268862. jpg Peace Corps. Logo: http: //www. gvsu. edu/images/hauenstein/peace_corps. jpg JFK with Volunteers: http: //www. archives. gov/education/lessons/peace-corps/images/volunteers-1961. gif Slide #17 n n Berlin Crowd: http: //www. aref. de/kalenderblatt/2003/pics/kennedy-rede-berlin 63. jpg JFK Brandenburg Gate: http: //www. medaloffreedom. com/John. FKennedy_Germany. jpg