PRESIDENT EISENHOWERS MODERN REPUBLICANISM EISENHOWERS MODERN REPUBLICANISM Frustration
PRESIDENT EISENHOWER’S MODERN REPUBLICANISM
EISENHOWER’S MODERN REPUBLICANISM Frustration with the stalemate in Korea & the Red Scare led to a Republican Gov’t Korean War Communism presidential takeover in the 1952 Corruption WW 2 hero Dwight Eisenhower provided an antidote for “K 1 C 2” VP Richard Nixon attacked communism & Once elected, Ike did go to Korea, overturned corruption the U. N. battle plan, & threatened China with Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea & nuclearpersonally war to get anthe armistice signed in 1953 end war
EISENHOWER WAGES THE COLD WAR
EISENHOWER & THE COLD WAR Ike was unusually well-prepared to be a Cold War president Ike’s foreign policy goals were to: Take a strong stand against Communism by WW 2 using military “massive retaliation” with nuclear experience in & covert CIA operations weapons Excellent diplomat Europe & Asia To reduce defense spending & relax Cold & politician War tensions Pragmatic & well organized Chose hard-liner John Foster Dulles to be Sec of State
MASSIVE RETALIATION “Massive retaliation” meant targeting civilian targets rather “more than military Eisenhower wanted bang forones the buck”: Nuclear weapons & long-range delivery missiles were cheaper than conventional Ikearmed relied heavily on “brinksmanship” forces in which he used veiled threats of “Massive retaliation” strategy made using nuclear war to accomplish his goals nuclear weapons unlikely But massive retaliation offered no intermediate course of action if diplomacy failed
MASSIVE RETALIATION In 1956, Egyptian leader Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal: England & France invaded Egypt to take back the canal but the USSR opposed this intervention Eisenhower did not want the USSR to attack so he threatened Russia with nuclear war England, France, & the USSR left Egypt & the U. S. became the leader in Middle East
EISENHOWER DOCTRINE Like the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America, The Suez Crisis revealed the vulnerability theof United States emerged as a police power the Middle East to Communism & Ike in a new part of the world responded: In 1957, the Eisenhower Doctrine recommended U. S. armed force to protect the Middle East from Communist aggression In 1957, Ike sent the military to Lebanon to halt Communism & install a pro-Western gov’t
COVERT ACTIONS Ike’s administration used covert CIA acts to expand U. S. control: In 1953, the CIA overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran in favor of a U. S. -friendly shah In 1954, the CIA overthrew a leftist regime in Guatemala Ininterventions 1959, the CIA took a hard-line against new These led to anti-American Cuban dictator Fidel. East Castro after his coup hostilities in the Middle & Latin America
THE EFFECTS OF SPUTNIK The “space race” intensified the Cold War between USA & USSR In 1957, the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik led to fears that the USSR was leading the race to create intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) The U. S. sped up it plans to build ICBMs & Khrushchev used Sputnik to put the U. S. on IRBM submarines the defensive: “We will bury you. Your grandchildren will live under Communism. ”
THE EFFECTS OF SPUTNIK Sputnik led to fears that America was growing soft & was losing its competitive edge & work ethic The gov’t responded The. U. S. advanced placementwith: (AP) program Administration is a. Aeronautics byproduct&of. Space the NDEA! National in 1958 National Defense Education Act was created to promote math, science, & technology education
SPUTNIKSeven—Mercury IN 1957 Alan Shepard was the The Original Astronauts st 1 American in space
WAGING PEACE Ike tried to end the nuclear arms race as both sides tested hydrogen bombs & ICBMs In 1953, Eisenhower called for disarmament & presented his “Atoms for Peace” plan to the United Nations In 1955, Khrushchev rejected Eisenhower’s “open skies” plan for weapons disarmament
MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX This military-industrial complex is part of the reason for the Soviet demise in the late 1980 s In his farewell address in 1960, & end of warned the Coldagainst War inthe 1991 Eisenhower Military. Industrial Complex: Complex The massive military spending that dominate domestic & foreign politics
CONCLUSIONS By 1960, the American people were more optimistic than in 1950 Americans were no longer afraid of a return of another Great Depression Anxiety over the Cold War continued but was not as severe
KENNEDY’S COLD WAR LBJ as well
JFK’SBut, NEW it FRONTIER was not the 1 st time TV influenced The election of 1960 politics… between Richard st to Nixon & John F. Kennedy was the 1 Eisenhower used Mc. Carthy was destroyed by TV debates: TV in the Army-Senate TV touse campaign hearings in 1952 & 1956 Nixon was much better known but the TV debates helped swing undecided voters towards JFK 1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in politics Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates
JFK’S NEW FRONTIER Kennedy’ administration reflected youth, energy, & sharp break from Eisenhower JFK promised a New Frontier: Frontier The JFK era began Domestic reforms in education, health care, & “Camelot” civil rights comparisons withpolicy JFKcommitted to defeating the A foreign as a modern-day Soviet Union & winning the Cold War Lancelot
KENNEDY INTENSIFIES THE COLD WAR
FLEXIBLE RESPONSE JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety of future problems: Increased nuclear arsenal to 1, 000 ICBMs & JFK 32 was convinced that the USSR had more Polaris subs to create a “first-strike” capability missiles, but really the U. S. had the lead with To combat Communism & warheads to help 600 B-52 s, 2 the. Polaris 2, 000 Increased army &subs, air force underdeveloped countries, &JFK created Expanded covert operations created the Peace Corps & the Alliance for Progress Green Berets
THE SPACE The RACE Apollo Program JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the Soviets to the moon: JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U. S. would get to the moon by 1970 The U. S. landed a man on the moon in 1969
CRISIS OVER BERLIN JFK’s 1 st confrontation with the Soviet Union came in Berlin: Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers from East Germany to West Berlin The USSR threatened to remove all U. S. influence from West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961
CONTAINMENT IN VIETNAM Vietnam Since proved to be a tough test: 1954, Communist leader Ho Chi Minh gained popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the South The U. S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Diem When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a coup against Diem in 1963
VIETNAM Viet Minh are Vietnamese communists in North Vietnam Viet Cong are Vietnamese communists in South Vietnam
CONTAINING CASTRO: BAY air OFsupport PIGS The invasion called for U. S. but JFK canceled the air strike; without air support, squashed invasion Fidel Castro took over Cuba the in 1959 & developed ties with Russia The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of Castro JFK blamed the Republicans for In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to allowing initiate the Bayaof“communist Pigs invasionsatellite” to arise on “our very doorstep” Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure of Bay of Pigs, but did not apologize for coup
Kennedy announced quarantine (blockade) to CUBAN MISSILEa CRISIS keep more missiles out & demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles already in Cuba To protect Cuba from another U. S. invasion, the USSR began a secret buildup of nuclear missiles On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban missile camps How would the U. S. respond? Immediate air strike? Full-scale Cuba invasion? Kennedy chose to “quarantine” to keep new missiles out & an invasion of Diplomacy: trade nukes in Naval blockade to if the in USSR did not remove its nukes Cuba for nukes Turkey? keep warheads out?
of CUBAN And…U. S. MISSILEremoval CRISIS nuclear weapons in Turkey The standoff ended when Russia removed its Cuban missiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cuba The impact of the crisis: Seen as a political victory for JFK Installed a “hot line” to improve US-Soviet communications This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from confrontation to negotiation
"LET US CONTINUE" On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK was assassinated & VP Lyndon Johnson became president: LBJ was a master politician with a reputation for getting results LBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal agenda LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on helped push through the greatest array of providing economic & racial equality LBJ liberal legislation in U. S. history (“Great Society”), surpassing FDR’s New Deal
THE ELECTION OF 1964 In 1964, LBJ ran against: Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign policy stance Segregationist George Wallace LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of Congress for 1 st time in 25 years
JOHNSON ESCALATES THE VIETNAM WAR
LBJ ESCALATES THE VIETNAM WAR During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the USS Maddox The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ the authority to: Defend Vietnam at any cost Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s discretion
ESCALATION LBJ’s advisors wanted 100, 000 troops in 1965 & a plan for 100, 000 more in 1966; Estimations 1965 marked the beginning of full-scale were 500 U. S. deaths per month U. S. involvement in Vietnam LBJ was informed that “without U. S. action, defeat is inevitable” LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam & requested 50, 000 U. S. soldiers sent to Asia LBJ never explained to the American people how the gov’troad planned to win. U. S. the LBJ took middle of limited war in Vietnam not a withdrawal & not a intervention: full-scale invasion of North Vietnam
STALEMATE By 1968, 500, 000 U. S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam from falling to Communism U. S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were ineffective Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North Vietnam Reckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civilians The bloody stalemate & media depiction of the war led to protests
CONCLUSIONS The early 1960 s under JFK represented consume spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more social reforms at home The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home (civil rights & the Great Society) But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the onset of the counter-culture movement by 1968
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