The diachrony of the South Estonian anticausativemedial verb
The diachrony of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class Santeri Junttila & Max Wahlström University of Helsinki 25 September 2020
The diachrony of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class Introduction In South Estonian (SEst. ), in the simple past tense positive, the preterite marker, expressed through the centralisation of stress (so called over-long grade or III grade) + -U- (-u- ~ -ü-, depending on vowel harmony), inherited from an earlier derivational suffix, has developed into a marker of valence type Non-anticausative-medial verbs previously belonging to the same inflectional class resort to other preterite markers, thus giving birth to a class, dedicated only to anticausative-medial verbs In the other Finnic languages, there are several anticausative derivative affixes, partly sharing their forms with derivative affixes of different semantics Here, we present first the diachronic development of the preterite markers and, finally, some further challenges Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
Historical South Estonian language area Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
The variation of active positive preterite markers in South Estonian (1) palatalization of final consonant; (2) -i-; (3) centralisation of stress + -i-; (4) -E- (-e- ~ -õ-); (5) centralisation of stress + -E-; (6) -jj. E-; (7) -ś; (8) -si-; (9) -(d)s. E-; and (10) centralisation of stress + -U- (-u- ~ -ü-). Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
The variation of active positive preterite markers in South Estonian Supine 1 maq 2 saq 3 tä 1 miq 2 tiq 3 nä olõma ollit oll’ ollit olliq ‘be’ lugõma elämä loi `elli loit `ellit lugi `elli loit `ellit loiq `elliq ‘read’ ‘live’ käümä kävet käveq ‘visit’ küsümä `saama `küsse sai `küsset sait `küsse `sajjõ `küsse sai `küsset sait `küsseq `sajjõq ‘ask’ ‘get’ Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class nakama `tundma püsümä nagasi `tundsõ `püssü nagasit `tundsõt `püssüt naaś `tundsõ `püssü nagasit `tundsõt `püssüt nagasiq `tundsõq`püssüq ‘start’ ‘feel’ ‘stay’ 25 September 2020
The diachrony of the variation This diversity is mostly due to post-Proto-Finnic sound changes. All these forms originate from a fusion of the verb stem and the PFi preterite marker *-j-. The forms with centralisation of stress and the ones with -jj. E- developed from PFi preterites with 3 rd person reflexive suffix *-hen. These preterite classes still include many reflexive and intransitive verbs. However, the only preterite class seeming to be strictly restricted by means of valence is the one formed with centralisation of stress + -U-. We propose that this class includes exclusively anticausative and medial verbs; this hypothesis should be applied to larger South Estonian dialect corpora. Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
The preterite with centralisation of stress + -UThis ending goes possibly back to the PFi reflexive-medial derivational morpheme *-p. U- + the preteritee marker *-j- + the 3 rd person reflexive suffix *hen: Middle PFi *nälkä-pü-je-šen > Late PFi *nälkä-üb-i-hen > > *nälkäüvihen > nälkäühen > SEst. `nälgü ‘starved’ Cf. the supine `nälgümä ‘to starve’ (← nälg ‘hunger’ < PFi *nälkä): Middle PFi *nälkä-pü-mä-šen > Late PFi *nälkä-bü-mä-hen > *nälkäümähen > Arch. SEst. näl: gümähe > SEst. `nälgümä (-m. A- is the supine marker). Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
The preterite with centralisation of stress + -UIn addition to PFi *-p. U-, there were reflexive-medial derivational morphemes * -Ut. U- and *-U-, found in SEst. `uppuma ‘to sink’ (< PFi *uppo-utu-) `sündümä ‘to be born’ (< PFi *sünt-ü-), and püsümä ‘to stay’ (< PFi *püs-ü-) etc. All verbs including these morphemes take the SEst. preterite with centralisation of stress + -U-. However, other SEst. verbs with PFi stem *-U- take another preterite forms, often with centralisation of stress + -E-. These verbs don’t have anticausative -medial semantics: küsümä: pret. `küsse ‘to ask’, cf. püsümä: pret. `püssü ‘to stay’ Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
The preterite with centralisation of stress + -UWe maintain that the preterite `küsse of küsümä ‘to ask’ is a result of regular sound changes from PFi: *küsü-j-hen > *küsehen > SEst. `küsse, cf. *niittü-j-hen > SEst. `niite, illat. pl. of niit ‘meadow’ On the contrary, pret. `püssü of püsümä ‘to stay’ and pret. `sündü from `sündümä ‘to be born’ follow the analogy of pret. `nälgü of `nälgümä ‘starved’ The limits of the analogical spread of this preterite class seem to be conditioned to the automativity / mediality of the verbs and a presence of a PFi component -U-. Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
Choice of preterite class conditioned by valence The limits of the analogical spread of this preterite class seem to be conditioned by the anticausativity / mediality of the verbs and a presence of a component -U-. `lõpma, pret. `lõppu ’to die, to end’ `murduma, pret. `murdu ’to break into pieces’ `tahtuma, pret. `tahtu ’to appear to someone as a wish’ unõhtuma, pret. unõhtu ’to be forgotten’ habrastuma, pret. habrastu ’to grow mouldy’ Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
Choice of preterite class conditioned by valence Verbs with no anticausativity / mediality mostly retain historically regular preterite forms: `haukma, pret. hauk ‘to bark’ `kirsuma, pret. kirś ‘to scream’ `kutsma, pret. kutś ‘to invite’ ~ pret. `kutsõ `kiskma, pret. kisk ‘to pull’ < PFi *haukku-ma- : *haukku-j (onom. ) < PFi *kirsahu-ma- : *kirsahu-j (onom. ) < PFi *kučču-ma- : *kučču-j (← Baltic) < PFi *kučču-j-hen < PFi *kisko-ma- : *kisko-j (o > u after a long syllable) Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
Choice of preterite class conditioned by valence Some verbs with PFi continuative-frequentative -U- make up a transitional category, having both a historically regular preterite and an analogical one: `tsilkma, pret. `tsilkõ ‘to drop’ < PFi *cilkku-ma- : *cilkku-j-hen ~ pret. `tsilku `liikma, pret. `liikõ ‘to move’ < PFi *liikku-ma- : *liikku-j-hen ~ pret. `liiku `istma, pret. `istõ ‘to sit’ < PFi *istu-ma- : *istu-j-hen ~ pret. `istu However, all these cases do not have an analogical parallel: `astma, pret. `astõ ‘to step, go’ < PFi *astu-ma- : *astu-j-hen Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
Choice of preterite class conditioned by valence Some verbs with PFi continuative-frequentative -U- make up a transitional category, having both a historically regular preterite and an analogical one: `tsilkma, pret. `tsilkõ (~ `tsilke) ’to drop, ooze’ küll mul `õkva pää `tsilke ’my head was really oozing (sweat)’ (transitive-like) ~ pret. tsilku `tetti tuu kost `tsilku ’that (hole) was made whence (the birch sap) dropped’ (intransitive) `istma, pret. `istõ ’to sit’ temä olľ `mõisnik temä ju `istõ ’he was the estate owner (so) he was sitting’ (stative) ~ pret. `istu ka nii maha `istu ’and so I sat down’ (medial / reflexive) Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
Tehnüs kullamast! Thank you for your attention! Junttila & Wahlström: The diachrnoy of the South Estonian anticausative-medial verb class 25 September 2020
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