Solar Energy Technology Implementation of Alternative Energy in

Solar Energy Technology Implementation of Alternative Energy in Kelly Hall Team 007 -4: Scott Gardner Jessica George Charles Gibson Robert Pisch Technical Advisor: Yossef Elabd

Overview n Background Information n Criteria / Constraints n Alternatives n Final Design

Mission We plan to help Drexel University begin the transition to becoming a more environmentally-friendly campus by implementing alternative energy sources on Kelly Hall.

The Global Energy Crisis World fossil fuel production is predicted to peak within the next 20 years 1 n Energy production will then fall quickly 1 n http: //www. geocities. com/davidmdelaney/oil-depletion. html 1 http: //arts. bev. net/roperldavid/minerals/crudeoil. htm 2

The Global Energy Crisis n Demand for energy will continue to increase, exceeding that which is available 3 ¨ Developing countries growing energy needs ¨ Industrialized nations will maintain a steady increase in energy needs

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The Global Energy Crisis n Nations are highly interdependent to meet energy needs ¨ This will lead to political unrest if supplies are not sufficient n Current energy sources also produce large amounts of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

Air Pollution n Emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are damaging to both humans and the environment

Global Warming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions A recent report commissioned by the United Nations revealed an alarming rate of global warming n Effects of further temperature increase may be disastrous n

Here at Drexel Current Energy Situation n Usage n Factors n Limitations n drexel. edu

Introduction to Drexel’s Energy Usage n Drexel University powers its campus exclusively by PECO and Community Energy, Inc. About 90% of this energy comes from power plants which produce harmful Emissions 1 n The university attains about 10% of there total energy from windmills 1 n http: //www. newwindenergy. com/windfarm_bearcreek/index. html 1 http: //www. drexel. edu/univrel/dateline/default_nik. pl? of=1&p=releaseview&f=20020729 -01

Kelly Residence Hall n n Costs about $100, 000 per year to provide power to Kelly Hall 1 This results in 15, 798, 527 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions 2 Environmental cost is much higher than financial cost Various cleaner alternatives may be considered ¨ Bio-fuels ¨ Hydrogen Fuel Cells ¨ Solar Panels ¨ Wind 1 William Taylor 2 http: //www. exeloncorp. com/peco/customer_marketing_services/marketing/calculator. asp http: //www. drexel. edu/rlo/Halls/Kelly/

Criteria n Produces the least greenhouse gas emissions n Optimal efficiency n Low cost of installation and maintenance

Constraints n Materials ¨ Cost ¨ Safety ¨ Availability Building codes n Aesthetic appeal n

Potential Solutions Various Sources of cleaner energy: n Fuel cells n Biomass as fuels n Wind n Solar panels

Hydrogen Fuel Cells Storage, and transportation n Energy for electrolysis must come from different sources n ¨ Fossil n Fuels Buying hydrogen http: //www. gov. pe. ca/photos/original/dev_solutions. pdf

Fuel Cells Cost n n n Hydrogen-$2. 00 -3. 00/gasoline gallon equivalent (delivered, untaxed, 2005, by 2015)1 Storage- Multi-million dollar purchase Single tanks can be constructed to hold as much as 900, 000 kg (2, 000 lb) of hydrogen Piping systems are usually several miles long, and in some cases may be hundreds of miles long. Synthetic Natural Gas Plant Philadelphia, PA 2 1. http: //www 1. eere. energy. gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/news_cost_goal. html 2. http: //www. totalenergy. com/SNGPlant. htm#Section%20200

Bio-Fuels Gas emissions n Cost of acquisition n Maintenance n Transportation n Continuously getting waste n http: //bioenergy. ornl. gov/reports/fuelwood/fig 3_1. gif

Wind n n Continuously buying energy Stable 20 -year prices Additional 2. 54 cents per kilowatt-hour from PECO 1 90, 000 k. Wh per month in winter to 115, 000 k. Wh per month in summer * 2. 54 cents per kilowatthour= average of $32, 000 more per year 1. http: //www. newwindenergy. com/buywind/home/mid_atlantic/step 3_midatlantic_other. html

n A http: //www. eia. doe. gov/cneaf/solar. renewables/ilands/fig 13. html

Solar Panels n n Widely available and used Completely clean during usage ¨ Emissions involved in production Federal subsidies and incentives Sufficient amounts of energy can be harnessed

Method of Solution Analysis of 3 types of solar energy systems: 1. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 2. Concentrator Systems 3. High-Efficiency Multi-junction Devices § § Cost Efficiency Use of space Aesthetics

Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) §Serve a dual purpose of producing electricity and acting as construction material. Pros: §Replace old construction materials §Wide variety of aesthetic choices Solar Roof Tiles http: //www. habitat 2. net/wp-content/Solar. Century. jpg Cons: §Primarily used in new constructions §Relatively low efficiencies Amorphous Silicon Solar Glass http: //www. powernaturally. org/wms/images_galler y/20 Rt-Facade-01160301_th. jpg

Solar Concentrator Systems These systems cover a standard photovoltaic panel with concentrating optics n Sunlight intensity is increased on solar panels or other collectors. n Pros: §Reduces amount of PV needed §Reduces amount of space for system §Amplifies power of the sun Cons: §Depend solely on direct light §Complex construction §Can be aesthetically unappealing §High maintenance

Types of Solar Concentrators §Concentrating solar power systems can be sized to suit various applications. Parabolic Trough System Power Tower System Parabolic Dish System Images courtesy of: http: //www. solarpaces. org/csp_technology. htm

Multi-junction Solar Cells n Multiple layers of solar cells with different light absorption properties ¨ Top layers absorb shorter wavelengths ¨ Lower levels absorb longer wavelengths Pros: §Most efficient solar cells to date §Low maintenance and reliable §Projected future efficiencies on the rise Cons: §Still largely in research and development §Uses inorganic compounds Chart courtesy of: http: //photochemistry. epfl. ch/EDEY/NREL. pdf

Basic Cross-Section of a PV Solar Cell

Grid-Tied Solar Energy Systems n PV system becomes a “micro generator” ¨ Offsets energy usage OR ¨ Fed back into electrical grid and sold back to power company

Final Solution n Multi-junction cells were chosen for this application because: ¨ Installable on existing structures and maintains aesthetic appeal ¨ Highest average solar cell efficiencies to date ¨ Low energy payback time ¨ Grid-tied

Recommendations for the Future Here at Drexel n The Solar Panels n Other clean alternative energies n

Buildings Estimated roof space n 1. One Drexel Plaza n 2. DAC 1 n 3. North Hall 1 n 4. Hess Research Eng. Labs 1 1 http: //www. drexel. edu/depts/pdc/pages/statsmap. asp 70000+ 38000 25000

* Kelly Hall 1 One Drexel Plasa 2 DAC 3 North 4 Hess http: //maps. google. com/maps? client=firefox-a&rls=org. mozilla: en-US: official&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&channel=s&tab=wl&q=

Solar Panels n Currently solar panels are ##% efficient n 20 -30 years ago solar panels were ##% efficient n In 20 -30 years we can expect solar panels to be about ##% efficient

Using Wind Power with Solar Panels n Wind and Solar energies are frequently opposite 1 n Wind energy is just as clean 1 http: //howto. altenergystore. com/Buyers-Guides/Quick-Start-Wind-Power-Turbines/a 38/

Thank You n Any questions? n Comments?