Research Techniques III Step Five Note Taking Footnotes

Research Techniques III Step Five: Note Taking & Footnotes vs. Bibliographies

Review of Steps Thus Far: • Step One: Select the Topic • Step Two: Preliminary Research in Authoritative Summaries • Step Three: Narrowing the Topic • Step Four: Building a Working Bibliography, • and Next:

Step Five: Note Taking Many students make the mistake of taking notes on one or more sheets of paper. Take copious notes one right after the other. When writing the paper no way to adequately organize the paper.

Guidelines For Using Index Cards • Use 4” X 6” index cards • Record the source and page number(s) before taking the note. • Write all notes legibly • Record only one relevant item of information on each card • Write on only one side of card

Typical Index Card Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. ”

Note with Page Breaks Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 -253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad-(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work. ” (253)

Continuing Notes on Cards Reconciliation 1 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 -253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad-(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work. ” (253)

Continuing Notes Reconciliation 2 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 -253 “To answer, we need to note, first, that when the Bible entreats someone to be reconciled to another, the hostility does not necessarily lie with the person who is being addressed. ” (253)

Guidelines When Taking Notes • Never take notes indiscriminately – be selective (targeted) in your note taking • Record only what is new or stated in an unusual way (the heart of the matter) • It is usually during the note-taking process that thesis becomes solidified and a tentative outline for the paper develops.

Four Types of Notes • • Rough Summary Paraphrase Précis Direct Quotation

A Word about Plagiarism • Intellectual Honesty (Vyhmeister, pp. 60 -1) • At ORU, three things can happen if you are caught plagiarizing: – Fail the Assignment – Fail the Course – Dismissed from the University, Therefore: Give credit where credit is due; Cite all sources used for any thought or concept that is not yours & when in doubt – Cite the Source

Rough Summary Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 -253 Christ’s death brings end to the alienation between God and man. Because of Christ, humanity is reconciled to God. Reconciliation is initiated from God’s side.

Paraphrase Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 -253 Christ’s death ends the alienation that had existed between God and humanity. The Scriptures teach that by His death, Christ has made it possible for humanity to be “reconciled to God. ” God Himself took an “active role” in the process of reconciliation.

Précis (Thesis Statement) Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 -253 Christ’s death ends enmity, estrangement, and hostility since God actively and solely reconciled humankind to Himself.

Direct Quotation Reconciliation 1 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 -253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work. ” (253)

Direct Quotations should only be used when: • • • Exact wording cannot be improved Point needs substantiation by an authority Comparing/Contrasting two views Specific statement is being analyzed Exactitude is required – stating formula, law, or edict

Evaluating Sources during note-taking process: • • • Relevance to topic (Thesis Statement) Type of Source: Primary or Secondary The author’s perspective The author’s credentials Readability of the source

Other Sources • Vertical Files • Dissertations • Original Autographs • Media Sources • Internet • Original Research

Vertical Files • • • Pamphlets Tracts Letters News Releases Flyers

Dissertations • Dissertation Abstracts International (Abstracts) – Statement of problem/issue researched – Description of research method – Summary of findings/significance – Summary of conclusion reached • World. Cat. Dissertations, Database under World Cat on ORU Library homepage

Original Autographs • • Private Archives Institutional Collections Private Homes Includes such items as: – Letters – Notes – Diaries – Manuscripts

Media Sources • Tape Recordings (Professional & Amateur) • Sources: – Documentaries (PBS, NOVA, History Channel, etc. ) – Newscasts, Newspapers – Debates – Motion Pictures

Internet • Care should be taken when taking material from the Internet • Search the Web with a reputable search engine (Google. com, Yahoo. com, Alta. Vista. com, etc. ) & reputable Databases (World. Cat, Christian Classics Ethereal Library—CCEL) • Evaluate sources per Vyhmeister, pp. 25 -6 (Purpose of site, Sponsor? , Date/Updated? , Credentials of author, Data available elsewhere? , Academic valuation of site? ) • Care must be made in documentation (Vyhmeister, pp. 26 -8)

Original Research • Letters • Interviews • Surveys

Footnotes versus Bibliography • Both have slightly different formats for citations (See Vyhmeister, chaps. 6, 9 &10, Turabian, chaps. 15 -17 & R/W Manual, pp. 55 -67) • Footnote format is more abbreviated & more specific • However, both document or cite the source of the original thought or concept used in your Paper

Footnotes vs. Bibliography (cont. ) • Footnotes appear within the body of the Paper, at the bottom of the page, underneath a partial underline, & include the exact page(s) used, If in doubt – Footnote • For example: _____________ ⁿNancy Jean Vyhmeister, Quality Research Papers: For Students of Religion and Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2001), 45 -6. • Bibliography appears at the end of the Paper as a separate listing (in alphabetical order) of all the sources used in the Paper & includes the full length citations of the Sources used, e. g. : BIBLIOGRAPHY Vyhmeister, Nancy Jean. Quality Research Papers: For Students of Religion and Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2001. (REMEMBER: ONLY CITE SOURCES THAT YOU ACTUALLY USED IN YOUR PAPER!)