Rationalism Rationalism is a philosophical movement which is

Rationalism • Rationalism is a philosophical movement which is gathered momentum during the age of reason of the 17 century. . . rationalism is any view appealing to intellectual and deductive reasons. an early dissent came from. William graham Sumner who proposed a version of moral relativism in his 1906. • Realism in western philosophy the view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. Holding that reality itself has an inherently logical structure the rationalist asserts that a class of truths exists that the intellect can grasp directly.

What is philosophy of rationalism? • Encompasses several strands of thought of all of which usually share the conviction that reality is actually rational in nature and that making the proper deductions is essential in achieving knowledge. • Latin word ratio meaning reason-point of view that states that reason plays the main roll in understanding the world and obtaining knowledge.

Who is the father of rationalism • French philosopher Rene Descartes who wrote "i think therefore l am " is considered the father of rationalism. He believed that truths can only be discovered and tested through reason. • In philosophy rationalism is the epistemology view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as ha source of justification.

What rationalism believes • Man could by his own reason improve himself and his institutions to bring about general welfare. • Upheld the right of each individual to his own opinion, liberty of conscience, and freedom of thoughts.

Developed by the following European philosophers 1) Dutch philosopher: Baruch Spinoza 2)German philosopher and mathematicians Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz It was opposed: British empiricist philosopher: Johan Locke believed that all ideas are derived from the senses.

What is an example of rationalism? • Rationalism finds that truths are held by intellect. . for example the statement "slavery is wrong " is an example of an ethical truths which makes it a rational belief. Rationalist thinker believe that knowledge or our understanding of truths is acquired without sense perception. • Objections to rationalism: • How can we have knowledge in our mind if we are not aware of it? • How can we believe something without being aware of it.

Relativism Background of relativism • The 18 th century enlightenment philosopher David Hume is often considered the father both of relativism. Early dissent came from the sociologist William Grahame Sumner, who proposed a version of moral relativism in his 1906 folkways. but the most influential challenge originated with the anthropology franz Boss. he and his students-in particular, futh Benedict, Melville j. Feb 19, 2004

How do you explain relativism • Relativism is the belief that's no absolute truths, only the truths that a particular individual or culture happen to believe. If you believe in relativism then you think different can have different views about what's moral and immoral. • Why is relativism important? • Cultural relativism is a tool for unbiased critique; a reflection of our known ways. it helps us to reexaminand correct our assumption and bias on cultures and people of the world. The critical function of cultural relativism is to admit that the ground for judgment on other cultures comes from a kind of illusion.

What exactly relativism is? • Relativism is a philosophical theory is simple in foundation but board in implication 1. All opinion, beliefs, religions and modalities are equally good (moral relativism ) 2. All beliefs truth statement, worldviews, and theories are equally true (cognitive or. Epistemic relativism)

Possible implications • Positive relativism 1) No one has a better morals system belief system , or truth claim. 2) provides solid logical grounds to prevent conflict and promote acceptance. 3)The ultimate philosophical theory of tolerance. • Negative relativism 1) No one has the truth or the knowledge of what is good. 2)Truth doesn't exist, or it can never be reached. 3)There is no good or bad, and no action can be condemned.

Supporter of relativism in philosophy • • • 1)Ludwig Wittgenstein. 2)Richard Rorty 3)Friedrich Nietzsche Why is relativism wrong? Relativism is theory that holds the morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. That's whether an action is right or wrong depend on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another.

Relativism example • Relativism believe that right and wrong are subjective and only make sense relative to somebody's environment. They do not believe in an external source. we can't criticize the Chinese for eating dogs. It's part of their culture