PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION BUDAYA DAN KOMUNIKASI PENGERTIAN BUDAYA

PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION BUDAYA DAN KOMUNIKASI

PENGERTIAN BUDAYA l Culture is the set of important assumptions (often unstated) that members of a community share in common (Sathe, 1985) l Kebudayaan adalah keseluruhan dari gagasan, perilaku dan hasil perilaku (Koentjaraningrat, 1988) l Culture is the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by group of people, but different for each individual, communicated from one generation to the next (Matsumoto, 1996) l Culture is a unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people (Pearson et al. , 2006)

PEMBELAJARAN BUDAYA l Sosialisasi: belajar secara langsung dan sengaja dengan melibatkan agen sosial (yang mengajarkan) dan reinforcement (berupa reward dan punishment sosial). Contoh: belajar tata krama (benar/salah, baik/buruk), belajar grammar (DM – MD) l Enkulturasi: belajar secara spontan tanpa disadari pada apa yang ada di lingkungan melalui observasi sosial. Contoh: belajar kosa kata

BUDAYA DAN KOMUNIKASI l Diam berarti emas, banyak bicara berarti tembaga? l Amerika percakapan merupakan hal yang menyenangkan dan penting, sebagai cara untuk mengontrol apa yang sedang terjadi l Cina lebih toleran terhadap ketenangan dan melihat kediaman sebagai cara untuk mengontrol apa yang sedang terjadi (Giles, Coupland, dan Wiemann, 1992)

BUDAYA DAN KOMUNIKASI l Orang Amerika dan orang Jerman berbeda dalam cara mengekspresikan dominasi l Amerika Berbicara lebih keras dan dengan rentangan ragam ekspresi yang lebih luas l Jerman Lebih sedikit rentangan ragam ekspresi namun disertai dengan kelancaran verbal yang tinggi (Scherer, 1979)

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT CULTURES l Individualistic vs collectivistic cultures (Hofstede, 1980) l Low-context vs high-context cultures (Hall, 1976, 1983) l Uncertainty-accepting vs uncertainty-rejecting cultures (Hofstede, 1980) l Implicit-rule vs explicit-rule cultures (Dodd, 1998) l Monochronic-time vs polychronic-time cultures (Hall, 1983)

INDIVIDUALISTIC VS COLLECTIVISTIC l l Individualistic: Value individual freedom; place “I” before “we” Value independence Value directness and clarity Ex: US, Australia, Great Britain l l Collectivistic: Value the group over the individual; place “we” before “I” Value commitment to family, tribe, and clan Value cooperation over competition Ex: Venezuela, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand

LOW-CONTEXT VS HIGH-CONTEXT l l Low-context: See communication as centered on the source, “I” Employ a direct verbal style Load information into the transmitted message Ex: US, Western Europe, Scandinavia l l High-context: See communication as centered on the receiver Load much of the meaning into the setting or context Avoid saying a direct “no” to a request Ex: Asian Pacific Rim, Central and South America

UNCERTAINTY-ACCEPTING VS UNCERTAINTY-REJECTING l l Uncertainty-accepting: Be willing to take risk Avoid rules, seek flexibility, and reject hierarchy Value individual opinion, general principles, and common sense Ex: US, Great Britain, Denmark l l Uncertainty-rejecting Be threatened by ideas and people from outside Establish formal rules for behavior. Prefer stability, hierarchy, and structure Embrace written rules, regulation, and rituals Ex: Japan, France, Spain, Greece, Argentina

IMPLICIT-RULE VS EXPLICIT-RULE l l Implicit-rule: See cultural rules as already known to participants See person and issue as one Prefer “saving face” to soothe an insulted person Ex: Middle East, Africa, Latin America l l Explicit-rule See cultural rules as explicit; explain and discuss procedures Person and issue are separate Be straightforward; people have to cope with embarrassment or insult Ex: Northern and Western Europe, US

MONOCHRONIC-TIME VS POLYCHRONIC-TIME l l Monochronic-time: Compartmentalize time Say that they can waste or save time Separate work and social time, task and relational time Ex: North America, Northern Europe l l Polychronic-time: Factor in time as one element of a larger context Value social relationships and time considerations together Orchestrate family and social responsibilities and task dimension Ex: Latin America, Middle East, Asia, France, Africa

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS l Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures l Stereotyping: a generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture

IMPROVING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION (10 easy steps) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Conduct a personal self-assessment Practice supportive communication behaviors Develop sensitivity toward diversity Avoid stereotype Avoid ethnocentrism Develop code sensitivity Seek shared codes Use and encourage descriptive feedback Open communication channels Manage conflicting beliefs and practies

References: Dayakisni, T. & Yuniardi, S. (2004) Psikologi Lintas Budaya. Malang: UMM Press Pearson, J. , Nelson, P. , Titsworth, S. , and Harter, L. (2006) Human Communication. Singapore: Mc. Graw. Hill Sathe, V. (1985) Culture and Related Corporate Realities. Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc